Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
ARTICLESIs Prenatal Smoking Associated With a Developmental Pattern of Conduct Problems in Young Boys?
Section snippets
Participants
The PYS is a representative, school-based sample of boys from the Pittsburgh area, with oversampling for delinquency risk. This sample and procedures are described extensively elsewhere (Loeber et al., 1998). The analytical sample for the present study is based on the youngest cohort of the PYS and consists of the 448 boys with complete information on maternal smoking during pregnancy (89% of the original cohort). There were no significant differences in rates of DBDs, race/ethnicity, or
RESULTS
Characteristics of the mothers and youths in the sample are presented in Table 1. Thirty-seven percent of the mothers smoked regularly during pregnancy (60% of these smoked more than half a pack per day). Slightly more than half of the sample was African American. Exposed boys had higher levels of risk in all domains: Their mothers were more likely to be single parents, have no more than a high school education, have police contact, use frequent physical punishment, and use alcohol and illicit
DISCUSSION
To our knowledge, this is the first study to use a prospective, population-based sample to examine the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy to ODD in young children and to the developmental timing and pattern of delinquency. In the present sample, exposed first-grade boys had more than double the risk of ODD compared with nonexposed boys, with a host of potential confounds controlled. In concert with the pattern of delinquent behavior demonstrated in exposed boys (earlier onset and
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Effects of Fetal Substance Exposure on Offspring Substance Use
2019, Pediatric Clinics of North AmericaThe impact of pre- and perinatal factors on psychopathology in adulthood
2018, Journal of Affective DisordersCitation Excerpt :A recent study by Korhonen et al. (2012) showed maternal prenatal depression to be associated with adolescent boys’ (but not girls) poor psychosocial functioning and with externalizing problems. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is another prenatal event that has consistently been linked with an increased risk of externalizing behaviors such as ADHD and conduct disorder among offspring (Indredavik et al., 2006; Nigg et al., 2007; Stene-Larsen et al., 2009; Schmitz et al., 2006; Wakschlag et al., 2006). Taylor et al. (2017) recently compared the associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy and mother's partner's smoking during pregnancy with offspring depression using four large data sets from the UK, Sweden, Brazil, and Norway.
Developmental pathways from prenatal tobacco and stress exposure to behavioral disinhibition
2016, Neurotoxicology and TeratologyPhysical, behavioral, and cognitive effects of prenatal tobacco and postnatal secondhand smoke exposure
2014, Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health CareExposure to neurotoxicants and the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its related behaviors in childhood
2014, Neurotoxicology and Teratology
The Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS) was supported by grants from the National Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (96-MU-FX-0012) and National Institute of Mental Health (MH 50778) . Manuscript preparation was also supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse grants 1R01 DA015223 to Dr. Wakschlag and 1R03 DA14334 to Dr. Pickett and the Walden and Jean Young Shaw Foundation and the Irving B. Harris Center for Developmental Studies. The vital contributions of Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, Ph.D., to the PYS are gratefully acknowledged. The authors are most appreciative of critical feedback from our colleagues, Bennett Leventhal, M.D., Edwin Cook, Jr., M.D., and Daniel Pine, M.D.
Portions of this article were presented at the Meetings of the American Public Health Association, Boston, November 2000.
Disclosure: The authors have no financial relationships to disclose.