Skip to main content
Log in

Abstract

A significant fall in suicide mortality relative to England and Wales levels has occurred in London though with wide variation between its 33 constituent boroughs in the extent of mortality reduction. A Bayesian random effects approach is used is to model differential changes in suicide by borough and time over a 16 year period, 1979–94. Of particular concern in such modelling are persistent differences between boroughs in suicide risk (temporal correlation) and spatial clustering in relative risk. It is also important to represent the changing impact on suicide of socio-economic factors such as social deprivation. The data used are defined by deaths through de-jure suicide (ICD9 categories E950-E959) and those through undetermined injury, whether accidental or purposely inflicted (ICD E980-E989).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bailey, T. and Gattrell, A., 1995. Interactive Spatial Data Analysis. Longman, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardinelli, L., Clayton, D., Pascutto, C., Montomoli, C., Ghislandi, M. and Songini, M., 1995. 'Bayesian analysis of space-time variation in disease risk'. Statistics in Medicine 14: 2433–2443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besag, J. and Newell, J., 1991. 'The detection of clusters in rare diseases'. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 154(A): 143–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besag, J., York, J. and Mollié, A., 1991. 'Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics'. Ann. Inst. Statist. Math. 43: 1–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Best, N., 1999. 'Bayesian Ecological Modelling, chapter 14 in Disease Mapping and Risk Assessment for Public Health', A. Lawson (ed), Wiley.

  • Best, N., Cowles, M. and Vines, K., 1995. 'CODA: Convergence diagnostics and output analysis software for Gibbs sampling output'. Technical Report MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslow, N., 1984. 'Extra-Poisson variation in log-linear models'. Applied Statistics 33: 38–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslow, N. and Clayton, D., 1993. 'Approximate inference in generalized linear mixed models'. Journal of the American Statistical Association 88: 9–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buglass, D. and Duffy, J., 1978. 'The ecological pattern of suicide and parasuicide in Edinburgh'. Social Science and Medicine 12: 241–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlin, B. and Chib, S., 1995. 'Bayesian model choice via Markov chain Monte Carlo methods'. J. R. Stat. Soc., Ser. 57(3): 473–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlin, B. and Louis, T., 1996. 'Bayes and Empirical Bayes Methods for Data Analysis'. Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cressie, N., 1993. 'Statistics for Spatial Data', Wiley.

  • Cressie, N. and Read, T., 1989. 'Spatial Data Analysis of Regional Counts'. Biometrical Journal 6: 699–719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health, 1992. The Health of the Nation: a Strategy for Health in England (Cm.1986) HMSO.

  • Department of Health, 1998. Our Healthier Nation: a Contract for Health (Cm.3854) HMSO.

  • Durkheim, E., 1897. Le suicide, Felix Alcan, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, R., Preston, T. and O'Brien, S., 1977. 'Suicide mortality in Greater London: changes during the past 25 years'. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 31: 171–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, H., 1994. 'Schizophrenia and city residence'. British Journal of Psychiatry 164(suppl. 23): 39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geisser, S. and Eddy, W., 1979. 'A predictive approach to model selection'. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 74: 153–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, A., Dey, D. and Chang, H., 1992. 'Model determination using predictive distributions with implementations via sampling-based methods', in J. Bernardo et al. (eds), Bayesian Statistics 4, Oxford Univ Press, 147–168.

  • Gelfand, A. and Dey, D., 1994. 'Bayesian model choice: Asymptotics and exact calculations'. J. R. Stat. Soc., Ser. B 56(3): 501–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelman, A., Carlin, J., Stern, H. and Rubin, D., 1995. Bayesian Data Analysis, Chapman and Hall.

  • Gibbins, R., Clark, D. and Fawcett, J., 1990. 'A statistical method for evaluation of suicide clusters and implementing cluster surveillance'. American Journal of Epidemiology 132(Supp 1): 5183–5191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunnell, D., Peters, T., Kammerling, R. and Brooks, J., 1995. 'Relation between parasuicide, suicide, psychiatric admissions and socio-economic deprivation'. British Medical Journal 311: 226–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haining, R., 1991. 'Estimation with heteroscedastic and correlated errors: a spatial analysis of intraurban mortality data'. Papers in Regional Science 70(3): 223–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamm, J., Mordan, D., Jacobson, B. and Bardsley, M., 1997. Will London meet Health of the Nation targets?. The Health of Londoners Project Working Paper, East London and the City Health Authority, London E3 2SE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamnett, C., 1987. 'A tale of two cities: sociotenurial polarisation in London and the South East, 1966-81'. Environment and Planning A19, 537–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao, C. and Tahmiscioglu, A., 1997. 'A panel analysis of liquidity constraints and firm investments'. J. Am Stat. Ass, 455-465.

  • Isaaks, E. and Srivastava, R., 1989. Applied Geostatistics. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, G., Ferrence, R., Whitehead, P. and Gordon Johnson, F., 1978. 'The ecology of self-injury: a multivariate approach'. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour 12: 90–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kass, R. and Raftery, A., 1993. 'Approximate Bayes Factors and Accounting for Model Uncertainty in Generalized Linear Models'. Technical Report no. 255, Statistics Dept, Univ of Washington.

  • Kerkhof, A. and Kunst, A., 1994. A European perspective on suicidal behaviour. Chapter 3 in The Prevention of Suicide, Department of Health, HMSO.

  • Maddala, G., 1979. Econometrics, McGraw-Hill.

  • Manton, K., Stallard, E., Woodbury, M., Riggan, W., Creason, J. and Mason, T., 1987. 'Statistically adjusted estimates of geographic mortality profiles'. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 78: 805–815.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moens, G., Haenen, W. and van der Voorde, H., 1988. 'Epidemiological aspects of suicide among the young in selected European countries'. J Epid. Comm. Health. 42: 279–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moksony, F., 1990. 'Ecological Analysis of Suicide: Problems and Prospects, Chapter 8 in Current Concepts in Suicide', in D. Lester (ed.), The Charles Press, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen, P. B., Agerbo, E. and Erikson, T., 2000. 'Psychiatric illness and risk factors for suicide in Denmark'. The Lancet 355: 9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollié, A., 1996. 'Bayesian mapping of disease, chapter 20 in Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice', in W. Gilks, S. Richardson and D. Spiegelhalter (eds), Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, M. and Raftery, A., 1994. 'Approximate Bayesian inference with the weighted likelihood bootstrap'. J. R. Stat. Soc., Ser. B 56(1): 3–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovenstone, I., 1973. 'Spectrum of suicidal behaviours in Edinburgh'. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 27: 27–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillimore, P. and Reading, R., 1992. 'A rural advantage? Urban-rural health differences in Northern England'. Journal of Public Health Medicine 14(3): 290–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raftery, A., 1996. 'Hypothesis testing and model selection', in W. R. Gilks et al. (eds), Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice. Chapman &; Hall, London, 163–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sainsbury, P., 1980. 'The social correlates of suicide in Europe', in R. Farmer and S. Hirsch (eds), The Suicide Syndrome. Croom Helm. London, 38–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiegelhalter, D., Thomas, A., Best, N. and Gilks,W., 1996. BUGS: Bayesian Inference using Gibbs sampling, version 0.50. MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiegelhalter, D., Best, N. and Carlin, B., 1999. Bayesian deviance, the effective number of parameters, and the comparison of arbitrarily complex models, manuscript, MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge CB2 2SR.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, M. and Harrison, P., 1989. 'Bayesian Forecasting and DynamicModels'. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zellner, A., 1996. 'An Introduction to Bayesian Inference in Econometrics', Wiley.

  • Weakliem, D., 1999. A Critique of the Bayesian Information Criterion for Model Selection Sociological Methods and Research, 1999, 27, 3, Feb, 359–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y., 1999. 'Model selection for nonparametric regression'. Statistica Sinica 9(2): 475–499.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Congdon, P. Monitoring Suicide Mortality: A Bayesian Approach. European Journal of Population 16, 251–284 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026587810551

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026587810551

Keywords

Navigation