Original ArticleAgreement of self-reported comorbid conditions with medical and physician reports varied by disease among end-stage renal disease patients
Introduction
Self-reported medical history of chronic diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, is used in research studies to determine an individual participant's risk status and also the prevalence of specific diseases in a study population. The reported accuracy of self-reported health information is inconsistent in the literature. Most reliability or validation studies of self-reported chronic diseases compare participant self-report with the medical record; however, comparisons with a clinical examination [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] and also administrative data have been performed [8], [9], [10]. When comparing the medical record with patient self-report, some studies found good agreement for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction (MI), and cerebrovascular disease [1], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], while others found lower agreement for some of these same conditions [5], [7], [9], [10], [14], [17], [18], [19].
Agreement between self-report and the medical record varies, depending upon the specific disease that is being evaluated. Chronic diseases that are diagnostically complex and require a clinical judgment in addition to medical testing may be more vulnerable to misclassification from self-reports [1], [13], [17]. Agreement also likely varies in different influenced populations, given their respective demographic, educational, and clinical characteristics. Previous studies have been performed in cohorts of study volunteers [11], [20], men of the Veterans Administration system in the United States [15], participants in the Women's Health Initiative [21], elderly populations [12], [14], and other cohorts that are more representative of the general population [1], [2], [7], [12], [17], [22], [23].
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) often have a very complex medical history with many comorbid diseases. The validity of self-report for disease classification in research studies of this population is unknown. Evaluating the agreement between self-report of medical history of ESRD patients and the medical record is necessary to interpret the use of self-report for risk factor classification in research and also potentially for clinical use. Identification of patients who are not in agreement with the medical record may represent patients who are unaware of their clinical diagnoses and may be targets for educational interventions.
In the United States, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) requires the completion of the Form 2728 for all incident ESRD patients [24]. This form has to be completed by the attending nephrologist and includes 20 questions about prevalent comorbid conditions. The Form 2728 represents an individual physician report for each patient. The agreement between physician report and the medical record in ESRD has been described [25], but the agreement between self-reported comorbid chronic diseases and physician report (Form 2728) has not been described.
The objective of this study was to examine the agreement between patient self-report and medical record in a cohort of ESRD patients with regard to eight chronic comorbid conditions, including congestive heart failure (CHF), MI, cerebrovascular disease, angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cancer. In addition, we compared the agreement between patient self-report and physician report, represented by the Form 2728, for each of these diseases. We further examined the effects of patient characteristics, including race, age, gender, or education on the positive agreement of patient self-reports with the medical record.
Section snippets
Study design and population
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for End-stage renal disease (CHOICE) study, a national prospective cohort study of ESRD patients undergoing dialysis therapy [26]. At the time of enrollment, participants in this study were at least 18 years old, English or Spanish speaking, and had been diagnosed with kidney failure requiring initiation of outpatient dialysis. From October 1995 to June 1998, 1,041 patients were recruited
Characteristics of the study population
Of the 1,041 patients enrolled in the CHOICE cohort study, 965 (93%) patients completed ≥85% of the baseline questionnaire, including the self-report of comorbid diseases, and were included in this study. The average age of the study population was 58 years and 54% were male; 67% were white, and 28% were African American. At baseline, 75% of the patients received hemodialysis and 25% received peritoneal dialysis. The average number of existing comorbid conditions was three, and average days to
Discussion
This cross-sectional study indicates that in a population of incident ESRD patients, self-reported prevalence of comorbid diseases agreed variably with the medical record depending upon the specific disease. Self-report of diabetes had excellent agreement with the medical record. Self-report of CHF, MI, cerebrovascular disease/stroke, and cancer had only moderate agreement with medical records, while hypertension and COPD showed poor agreement. However, self-report of diabetes demonstrated
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