ResearchBreakfast consumption affects adequacy of total daily intake in children☆
Section snippets
Population
The Bogalusa Heart Study, which began 20 years ago, is an epidemiologic investigation of cardiovascular risk factors and environmental determinants in a biracial pediatric population. A detailed description of the study design, participation, and protocols has been reported elsewhere 33., 34..
Dietary interviews (24 hour) were conducted with 10-year-old children in two cross-sectional surveys. In both the 1984–1985 survey and in the 1987–1988 survey there were 284 children. For the purpose of
Mean Daily Intake by Breakfast Consumption Pattern
To assess the effect of breakfast consumption on total daily intake, mean total daily intakes of 15 dietary components were assessed for each of the three breakfast groups (school, home, and no breakfast). Table 2 shows that mean daily intakes of energy and protein of children who consumed breakfast at school were significantly greater than intakes of children who consumed breakfast at home or who did not consume breakfast. Mean daily intakes of total carbohydrate, sugar, cholesterol, and
DISCUSSION
A limited number of studies have investigated the influence of breakfast consumption on nutrient intake levels of children 26., 28., 29., 30., 31., 32.. Several of these have indicated that omission of breakfast or consumption of an inadequate breakfast were factors contributing to dietary inadequacies and that these inadequacies were rarely made up by other meals during the remainder of the day. In 1981, Morgan et al (28) reported that, on the average, children aged 5 to 12 years consumed
APPLICATIONS
An effort to encourage breakfast consumption and to modify the meals both at home and at school so that they include more healthful choices would be an important step toward the achievement of the objectives for Healthy People 2000 (15).
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Suzie Svehlak, RD, nutrition coordinator in Bogalusa, for assistance with data collection and tabulations, Margaret Moore, for development and maintenance of the Extended Table of Nutrient Values database; and Pat Constant for help in preparing the manuscript. We wish also to thank the children of Bogalusa without whom this work could not be accomplished.
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This continuing research is supported by funds from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the US Public Health Service. Early natural history of arteriosclerosis grant no. 5R01 HL38844-03.