Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Abstract

The relationship between economic fluctuations and mortality is assessed with data from Spain during the years 1980–1997, when national unemployment oscillated between 7% and 24%. Mortality rates of the Spanish provinces are modeled in fixed-effect panel regressions as functions of the demographic structure and the economic conditions. Unemployment effects on general mortality, sex-specific mortality, and mortality for major causes of death are negative, i.e., death rates increase procyclically when joblessness diminishes in an economic expansion. Homicides and female suicides are only weakly related or unrelated to economic fluctuations, but male suicides escalate countercyclically during economic downturns.

Résumé

L’article s’intéresse aux relations entre fluctuations économiques et mortalité en Espagne sur la période 1980–1997, au cours de laquelle le taux de chômage a oscillé entre 7 et 24%. Un modèle de régression à effets constants sur données de panel est appliqué aux taux de mortalité par provinces espagnoles, prenant en compte la structure démographique et les conditions économiques. Le chômage a un effet négatif sur la mortalité totale, la mortalité par sexe et les principales causes de décès. Autrement dit, les taux de mortalité augmentent quand, en phase d’expansion économique, le chômage diminue. Les homicides et les suicides féminins sont faiblement ou pas du tout liés aux fluctuations économiques alors que les suicides masculins augmentent lorsque la situation économique se détériore.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • F. Abdala R. N. Geldstein S. M. Mychaszula (2000) Economic restructuring and mortality changes in Argentina – Is there any connection? G. A. Cornia R. Paniccià (Eds) The Mortality Crisis in Transitional Economies Oxford University Press Oxford 328–350

    Google Scholar 

  • K. G. Abraham J. C. Haltiwanger (1995) ArticleTitleReal wages and the business cycle Journal of Economic Literature 33 1215–1264

    Google Scholar 

  • O. B. Adams (1981) Health and Economic Activity: A Time-series Analysis of Canadian Mortality and Unemployment Rates Health Division Statistics Canada Ottawa

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Anson O. Anson (2000) ArticleTitleThank God it’s Friday: the weekly cycle of mortality in Israel Population Research and Policy Review 19 143–154 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1006483623664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arno, P. S., 1984. The Political Economy of Industrial Injuries. PhD Dissertation, New School for Social Research, New York

  • S. Baker B. O’Neill R. Karpf (1984) The Injury Fact Book Lexington Books Lexington, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Bartlet (1996) ArticleTitleUnemployment and health selection Lancet 348 IssueID9032 904–905

    Google Scholar 

  • L. F. Berkman S. L. Syme (1979) ArticleTitleSocial networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents American Journal of Epidemiology 109 187–197

    Google Scholar 

  • J. E. Biddle D. S. Hamermesh (1990) ArticleTitleSleep and the allocation of time Journal of Political Economy 98 922–943 Occurrence Handle10.1086/261713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Blake Turner (1995) ArticleTitleEconomic context and the health effects of unemployment Journal of Health & Social Behaviour 36 213–229

    Google Scholar 

  • D. G. Blanchflower A. J. Oswald (1994) The Wage Curve MIT Press Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Bloomberg J. Meyers M. T. Braverman (1994) ArticleTitleThe importance of social interaction: a new perspective on social epidemiology, social risk factors, and health Health Education Quarterly 21 IssueID4 447–463

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Boix E. Ors M. J. López F. Rodrigo (1977) ArticleTitleTrabajo temporal y siniestralidad laboral en España en el período 1988–1995 Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales (Madrid) 11 275–320

    Google Scholar 

  • K. A. Bollen (1983) ArticleTitleTemporal variation in mortality: a comparison of US suicides and motor vehicle fatalities 1972–1976 Demography 20 45–59

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Boor (1980) ArticleTitleRelationship between unemployment rates and suicide rates in eight countries, 1962–1976 Psychological Reports 47 1089–1101

    Google Scholar 

  • M. H. Brenner (1971) ArticleTitleEconomic changes and heart disease mortality American Journal of Public Health 61 IssueID3 606–611

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H., 1976. ‘Estimating the social costs of national economic policy: implications for mental and physical health, and criminal aggression’, Joint Economic Committee of Congress Paper No. 5. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office

  • M. H. Brenner (1980) Industrialization and economic growth: estimates of their effects on the health of populations M. H. Brenner A. Mooney T. J. Nagy (Eds) Assessing the Contributions of the Social Sciences to Health Westview Press/AAAS Boulder, CO 65–115

    Google Scholar 

  • M. H. Brenner (1993) ArticleTitleHealth and the national economy Research in Human Capital and Development 7 369–391

    Google Scholar 

  • M. H. Brenner (1995) Political economy and health B. C. Amick S. Levine A. R. Tarlov D. C. Walsh (Eds) Society and Health Oxford University Press New York 211–246

    Google Scholar 

  • A. R. Bunn (1979) ArticleTitleIschaemic heart disease mortality and the business cycle in Australia American Journal of Public Health 69 772–781

    Google Scholar 

  • A. R. Bunn (1980) ArticleTitleI[schemic]H[eart]D[isease] mortality and the business cycle in Australia [letter] American Journal of Public Health 70 IssueID4 410–414

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Catalano (1997) ArticleTitleThe effect of deviations from trends in national income on mortality: the Danish and USA data revisited European Journal of Epidemiology 13 737–743 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1007408208962

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Chernomas (1984) ArticleTitleA comparative view of the relationship between the business cycle and mortality, 1871–1900 International Journal of Health Services 14 127–133

    Google Scholar 

  • C. C. Clogg E. Pretkova A. Haritou (1995) ArticleTitleStatistical methods for comparing regression coefficients between models American Journal of Sociology 100 IssueID5 1261–1293

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. and Syme, S. L. (eds), 1985. Social Support and Health. Orlando, FL: Academic Press

  • D. G. Cook (1986) ArticleTitleCan we detect an effect of unemployment on cardiovascular morbidity or mortality? Postgraduate Medical Journal 62 801–804

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornia, G. A. and Paniccià, R. (eds), 2000. The Mortality Crisis in Transitional Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press

  • G. Davey Smith S. Frankel J. Yarnell (1997) ArticleTitleSex and death: are they related? Findings from the Caerphilly cohort study British Medical Journal 315 1641–1644

    Google Scholar 

  • D. W. Dockery C. A. Pope SuffixIII X. Xu J. D. Spengler J. H. Ware M. E. Fay B. J. Ferris F. E. Speizer (1993) ArticleTitleAn association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities New England Journal of Medicine 329 1753–1759 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199312093292401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Dooley J. Fielding L. Levi (1996) ArticleTitleHealth and unemployment Annual Review of Public Health 17 449–465 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.pu.17.050196.002313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Eyer (1976a) ArticleTitleReview of Mental Illness and the Econom International Journal of Health Services 6 139–147

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Eyer (1976b) ArticleTitleRejoinder to Dr. Brenner International Journal of Health Services 6 157–168

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Eyer (1977a) ArticleTitleProsperity as a cause of death International Journal of Health Services 7 125–150

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Eyer (1977b) ArticleTitleDoes unemployment cause the death rate peak in each business cycle? International Journal of Health Services 7 625–662

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Eyer (1984) Capitalism, health, and illness J. B. McKinlay (Eds) Issues in the Political Economy of Health Care Tavistock New York 23–59

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Eyer P. Sterling (1977) ArticleTitleStress-related mortality and social organization Review of Radical Political Economics 9 IssueID1 1–44

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Falk B. S. Hanson S.-O. Isacsson P.-O. Östergren (1992) ArticleTitleJob strain and mortality in elderly men: social network, support, and influence as buffers American Journal of Public Health 82 1136–1139

    Google Scholar 

  • J. B. Forbes A. McGregor (1984) ArticleTitleUnemployment and mortality in post-war Scotland Journal of Health Economics 2 239–257

    Google Scholar 

  • D. G. Freeman (1999) ArticleTitleA note on [Ruhm’s] ‘Economic conditions and alcohol problems Journal of Health Economics 18 661–670 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0167-6296(99)00005-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. R. Galloway (1988) ArticleTitleBasic patterns in annual variations in fertility, nuptiality, mortality, and prices in pre-industrial Europe Population Studies 42 IssueID2 275–302 Occurrence Handle10.1080/0032472031000143366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. J. Gardner (1973) ArticleTitleUsing the environment to explain and predict mortality Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A 136 IssueIDPart 3 421–440

    Google Scholar 

  • Gavrilova, N. S., Semyonova, V. G., Evdokushkina, G. N., Gavrilov, L. and Ivanova A. E., 2003. ‘Recent mortality trends in Russia – Differences between younger and older generations’, Paper presented at the 2003 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, May 1–3, 2003, Minneapolis

  • U.-G. Gerdtham J. Johannesson (2005) ArticleTitleBusiness cycles and mortality: results from Swedish microdata Social Science & Medicine 60 205–218 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.05.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdtham, U.-G. and Ruhm, C., 2002. ‘Death rise in good economic times: evidence from the OECD’, NBER Working Paper Series (No. 9357). Cambridge, MA: NBER

  • B. L. Goff (1980) ArticleTitleHealth and the economy: exogenous versus choice variables Kyklos 43 437–484

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Graertz (1993) ArticleTitleHealth consequences of employment and unemployment: longitudinal evidence for young men and women Social Science & Medicine 36 IssueID6 715–724

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Graham B. Chang J. Evans (1992) ArticleTitlePoorer is riskier Risk Analysis 12 333–337

    Google Scholar 

  • H. S. E. Gravelle G. Hutchinson J. Stern (1981) ArticleTitleMortality and unemployment: a critique of Brenner’s time series analysis Lancet 16 675–679

    Google Scholar 

  • D. N. Gujarati (1995) Basic Econometrics EditionNumber3 McGraw-Hill New York

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameHEI. (2001) Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality: Analyses of the Effects of Weather and Multiple Air Pollutants – The Phase I.B Report of the Particle Epidemiology Evaluation Project Health Effects Institute Cambridge, MA 26

    Google Scholar 

  • M. B. Hexter (1925) Social Consequences of Business Cycles Hougton Mifflin Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Higgs (1979) ArticleTitleCycles and trends of mortality in 18 large American cities, 1871–1900 Explorations in Economic History 16 381–408 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0014-4983(79)90028-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. A. Hobson (1914) Work and Wealth: A Human Valuation Macmillan London

    Google Scholar 

  • S. M. Hunt (1989) The public health implications of private cars C. J. Martin D. V. McQueen (Eds) Readings for a New Public Health Edinburgh University Press Edinburgh 100–115

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Jäntti P. Martikainen T. Valkonen (2000) When the welfare state works: unemployment and mortality in Finland G. A. Cornia R. Paniccià (Eds) The Mortality Crisis in Transitional Economies Oxford University Press New York 351–369

    Google Scholar 

  • R. L. Jin C. P. Shah T. J. Svovoda (1995) ArticleTitleThe impact of unemployment on health: a review of the evidence Canadian Medical Association Journal 153 529–540

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Johnson E. M. Hall (1995) Class, work, and health B. C. Amick S. Levine A. R. Tarlov D. C. Walsh (Eds) Society and Health Oxford University Press New York 247–271

    Google Scholar 

  • P. N. Junankar (1991) ArticleTitleUnemployment and mortality in England and Wales: a preliminary analysis Oxford Economic Papers 43 305–320

    Google Scholar 

  • A. R. Kagan (1987) ArticleTitleUnemployment causes ill health: the wrong track Social Science & Medicine 25 217–218 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0277-9536(87)90393-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Kacapyr (1996) Economic Forecasting – The State of the Art M.E. Sharpe Armonk, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Kalimo M. A. El-Batawi C. L. Cooper (1987) Psychosocial Factors at Work and their Relation to Health World Health Organization Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Kasl (1979) ArticleTitleMortality and the business cycle: some questions about research strategies when utilizing macro-social and ecological data American Journal of Public Health 69 784–789

    Google Scholar 

  • S. V. Kasl J. A. Wells (1985) Social support and health in the middle years: work and the family S. Cohen S. L. Syme (Eds) Social Support and Health Academic Press Orlando, FL 175–198

    Google Scholar 

  • J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser L. McGuire T. F. Robles R. Glaser (2002) ArticleTitleEmotions, morbidity, and mortality – New perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology Annual Review of Psychology 53 83–107 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. D. Kossoris (1938) ArticleTitleIndustrial injuries and the business cycle Monthly Labor Review 46 579–575

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Koutsoyiannis (1977) Theory of Econometrics EditionNumber2 Barnes & Noble Totowa, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • LaPlante, M. P., 1985. Mortality and the Business Cycle. PhD dissertation, Stanford, CA: Department of Sociology, Stanford University

  • A. Laporte (2004) ArticleTitleDo economic cycles have a permanent effect on population health? Revisiting the Brenner hypothesis Health Economics 13 767–779 Occurrence Handle10.1002/hec.854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. D. Lee (1997) Population dynamics – Equilibrium, disequilibrium, and consequences of fluctuations M. R. Rosenzweig O. Stark (Eds) Handbook of Population Economics. (Vol. 1B) Elsevier Amsterdam 1063–1116

    Google Scholar 

  • E. A. Lew (1979) ArticleTitleMortality and the business cycle: how far can we push an association? American Journal of Public Health 69 782–783 Occurrence Handle10.2105/AJPH.69.8.782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U. Lundberg B. Hellström (2000) ArticleTitleWorkload and morning salivary cortisol in women Work & Stress 16 IssueID4 356–363

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Marmot A. Feeney (1996) Work and health: implications for individual and society A. Blane E. Brunner R. Wilkinson (Eds) Health and Social Organization – Towards a Health Policy for the 21st Century Routledge London 235–254

    Google Scholar 

  • P. T. Martikainen T. Valkonen (1996a) ArticleTitleExcess mortality of unemployed men and women during a period of rapidly increasing unemployment Lancet 348 909–914 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03291-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. T. Martikainen T. Valkonen (1996b) ArticleTitleThe effects of differential unemployment rate increases of occupation groups on changes in mortality American Journal of Public Health 88 1859–1861

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Mason (1997) The response of fertility and mortality to economic crisis and structural adjustment policy during the 1980s – a review G. Tapinos A. Mason J. Bravo (Eds) Demographic Responses to Economic Adjustment in Latin America Clarendon Press Oxford 17–33

    Google Scholar 

  • C. D. Mathers D. J. Schofield (1998) ArticleTitleThe health consequences of unemployment: the evidence Medical Journal of Australia 168 178–182

    Google Scholar 

  • I. D. McAvinchey (1984) ArticleTitleEconomic factors and mortality: some aspects of the Scottish case 1950–1978 Scottish Journal of Political Economy 31 1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • M. McKee (2001) The health consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union D. A. Leon G. Walt (Eds) Poverty, Inequality, and Health – An International Perspective Oxford University Press New York 17–36

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Monahan A. Vaux (1980) ArticleTitleTask force report: the macroenvironment and community mental health Community Mental Health Journal 16 14–26 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00780664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Neumayer (2004a) ArticleTitleRecessions lower (some) mortality rates: evidence from Germany Social Science & Medicine 58 1037–1047 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00276-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Neumayer (2004b) ArticleTitleErratum corrigendum. Recessions lower (some) mortality rates: evidence from Germany Social Science & Medicine 59 1993 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.02.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NSF, National Safety Council, 1991. Accident Facts – 1991 Edition. Chicago, IL: NSF

  • W. F. Ogburn D. S. Thomas (1922) ArticleTitleThe influence of the business cycle on certain social conditions Journal of the American Statistical Association 18 324–340

    Google Scholar 

  • J. A. Ortega-Osona D. Reher (1997) Short-term economic fluctuations and demographic behavior: some examples from 20th century South America G. Tapinos A. Mason J. Bravo (Eds) Demographic Responses to Economic Adjustment in Latin America Clarendon Press Oxford 129–155

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Palloni K. Hill (1997) The effects of economic changes on mortality by age and cause: Latin America 1950–90 G. Tapinos A. Mason J. Bravo (Eds) Demographic Responses to Economic Adjustment in Latin America Clarendon Press Oxford 75–128

    Google Scholar 

  • C. L. Peterson (1994) ArticleTitleWork factors and stress: a critical review International Journal of Health Services 24 495–519 Occurrence Handle10.2190/3B3C-XJPP-47LA-XQUJ

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. P. Phillips N. Christenfeld N. M. Ryan (1999) ArticleTitleAn increase in the number of deaths in the US in the first week of the month New England Journal of Medicine 341 93–98 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199907083410206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Rios-Neto J. A. M. Carvalho (1997) Demographic consequences of structural adjustment: the case of Brazil G. Tapinos A. Mason J. Bravo (Eds) Demographic Responses to Economic Adjustment in Latin America Clarendon Press Oxford 174–198

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Robertson R. Ecob (1999) ArticleTitleSimultaneous modeling of time trends and regional variation in mortality rates International Journal of Epidemiology 28 955–963 Occurrence Handle10.1093/ije/28.5.955

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. C. Robinson (1988) ArticleTitleThe rising long-term trend in occupational injury rates American Journal of Public Health 78 2676–2681

    Google Scholar 

  • J. C. Robinson G. M. Shor (1989) ArticleTitleBusiness-cycle influences on work-related disability in construction and manufacturing Milbank Quarterly 67 IssueIDSuppl. 2, Pt. 1 92–113

    Google Scholar 

  • C. J. Ruhm (1995) ArticleTitleEconomic conditions and alcohol problems Journal of Health Economics 14 583–603 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0167-6296(95)00024-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. J. Ruhm (2000) ArticleTitleAre recessions good for your health? Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 617–650 Occurrence Handle10.1162/003355300554872

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. J. Ruhm (2003) ArticleTitleGood times make you sick Journal of Health Economics 22 637–658 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0167-6296(03)00041-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhm, C. J., 2004. ‘Macroeconomic conditions, health and mortality’, NBER Working Paper 11007. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research

  • A. Sáez (1975) Población y actividad económica en España Siglo XXI Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnall, P., Belkić, K., Landsbergis, P. and Baker, D. (eds), 2000. ‘The workplace and cardiovascular disease’, Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews 15(1): 1–162; 307–322

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Schofield (1983) The impact of scarcity and plenty on population change in England, 1547–1871 R.␣I. Rotberg T. K. Rabb (Eds) Hunger and History – The Impact of Changing Food Production and Consumption Patterns on Society Cambridge University Press Cambridge 67–94

    Google Scholar 

  • T. E. Seeman L. F. Berkman (1988) ArticleTitleStructural characteristics of social networks and their relationship with social support in the elderly: who provides support Social Science & Medicine 26 IssueID7 737–749 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0277-9536(88)90065-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Sokejima S. Kagamimori (1998) ArticleTitleWorking hours as a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction in Japan: a case–control study British Medical Journal 317 775–780

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Søgaard (1992) ArticleTitleEconometric critique of the economic change model of mortality Social Science & Medicine 34 947–957

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Sparks C. Cooper Y. Fried A. Shirom (1997) ArticleTitleThe effects of hours of work on health: a meta-analytic review Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology 70 391–408

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Spiegel R. Leproult E. Van Cauter (1999) ArticleTitleImpact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function Lancet 354 1435–1439 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steenland, K. 1996. Epidemiology of occupation and coronary heart disease: research agenda. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 30, 495–499

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Sterling J. Eyer (1981) ArticleTitleBiological basis of stress-related mortality Social Science & Medicine 15E 3–42

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Stern (1983) ArticleTitleThe relationship between unemployment, morbidity and mortality in Britain Population Studies 37 61–74

    Google Scholar 

  • J. A. Tapia Granados (1994) ArticleTitleAccidentes de trabajo en España: comentarios a propósito del trabajo de Moncada y Artazcoz Cuadern CAPS (Barcelona) 20 57–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapia Granados, J. A., 2002. Mortality and Economic Fluctuations – Theories and Empirical Results from Spain and Sweden. PhD Dissertation. New York: Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science, New School University

  • Tapia Granados, J. A., 2004. ‘Mortality and economic fluctuations in Sweden, 1800–1998’, Paper presented at the 2004 Meeting of the Population Association of America, Boston, MA, April 2004

  • Tapia Granados, J. A., 2005. ‘Increasing mortality during the expansions of the U.S. economy, 1900–1997’, International Journal of Epidemiology (accepted for publication). http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/dyi141v1

  • Tapinos G., Mason, A. and Bravo, J. (eds), 1997. Demographic Responses to Economic Adjustment in Latin America. Oxford: Clarendon Press

  • D. S. Thomas (1925) Social Aspects of the Business Cycle Routledge London

    Google Scholar 

  • D. S. Thomas (1941) Social and Economic Aspects of Swedish Population Movements 1750–1993 Macmillan New York

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Valkonen P. Martikainen (1995) The association between unemployment and mortality: causation or selection? A. D. Lopez G. Caselli T. Valkonen (Eds) Adult Mortality in Developed Countries: From Description to Explanation Clarendon Press Oxford 201–222

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Wagstaff (1985) ArticleTitleTime series analysis of the relationship between unemployment and mortality: a survey of econometric critiques and replications of Brenner’s studies Social Science & Medicine 21 985–996 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0277-9536(85)90420-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, M. W., 2000. ‘As hot economy pushes up overtime, fatigue becomes a labor issue’, The New York Times, Sept. 17, 32

  • S. Watkins (1985) Recession and health: a literature review G. Wescott P.-G. Svensson H. F. K. Zölner (Eds) Health Policy Implications of Unemployment World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameWHO (1992) Our Planet, Our Health: Report of the WHO Commission on Health and the Environment World Health Organization Geneve

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Winter (1983) Unemployment, nutrition and infant mortality in Britain, 1920–50 J. Winter (Eds) The Working Class in Modern British History: Essays in Honour of Henry Pelling Cambridge University Press Cambridge 232–256

    Google Scholar 

  • S. L. Zeger F. Dominici J. Samet (1999) ArticleTitleHarvesting: Resistant estimates of air pollution effects on mortality. Epidemiology 10 171–175

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to José A. Tapia Granados.

Additional information

Tapia Granados, J.A., 2005, Recessions and Mortality in Spain, 1980–1997, European Journal of Population, 21: 393–422.

Tapia Granados, J.A., 2005, Récession et mortalitéen Espagne, 1980–1997, Revue Européenne de Démographie, 21: 393–422.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Granados, J.A.T. Recessions and Mortality in Spain, 1980–1997. Eur J Population 21, 393–422 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-005-4767-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-005-4767-9

Key words

Mots clés

Navigation