Association of childhood infection requiring hospitalisation with child development and school performance
| Child development and school performance outcomes | Cases (% among unexposed) | Cases (% among exposed) | HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR* (95% CI) | Adjusted HR† (95% CI) |
| Child development (n=276 454) | |||||
| Age at assessment, mean (SD), years | 5.2 (0.4) | 5.2 (0.4) | |||
| Developmentally high risk | 19 162 (8.7) | 6113 (10.9) | 1.22 (1.18 to 1.25) | 1.12 (1.09 to 1.16) | 1.12 (1.08 to 1.15) |
| Developmental vulnerability in the five domains | |||||
| Language and cognitive skills (school based) | 10 097 (4.6) | 3360 (6.0) | 1.27 (1.21 to 1.32) | 1.16 (1.11 to 1.21) | 1.15 (1.10 to 1.20) |
| Physical health and well-being | 17 040 (7.7) | 5347 (9.5) | 1.20 (1.16 to 1.24) | 1.12 (1.09 to 1.16) | 1.12 (1.08 to 1.15) |
| Social competence | 17 943 (8.1) | 5683 (10.1) | 1.21 (1.17 to 1.24) | 1.13 (1.09 to 1.16) | 1.12 (1.09 to 1.16) |
| Emotional maturity | 14 044 (6.4) | 4468 (8.0) | 1.21 (1.17 to 1.25) | 1.10 (1.06 to 1.14) | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.13) |
| Communication skills and general knowledge | 15 930 (7.2) | 4617 (8.2) | 1.11 (1.07 to 1.15) | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.10) | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.10) |
| School performance (n=644 291) | |||||
| Age at test, mean (SD), years | 8.1 (0.6) | 8.1 (0.6) | |||
| Numeracy below national minimum standard | 13 452 (2.7) | 5024 (3.7) | 1.37 (1.32 to 1.42) | 1.25 (1.21 to 1.30) | 1.22 (1.18 to 1.26) |
| Reading below national minimum standard | 15 873 (3.1) | 5774 (4.3) | 1.33 (1.29 to 1.38) | 1.19 (1.15 to 1.22) | 1.16 (1.12 to 1.20) |
*Adjusted for maternal age, maternal smoking, maternal diabetes, maternal country of birth, maternal residence, sex of infant, gestational age, birth weight, delivery mode, severe neonatal morbidity, year of birth, season of birth.
†Additionally adjusted for Socio-Economic Index for Areas, maternal education and occupation, paternal education and occupation.
SD, standard deviation.