Characteristics of the study sample of people according to frailty status (n=14 287)
| Variables | Non-frail (n=13 396) | Frail* (n=891) | Standardised difference (Cohen’s d) | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 59.3 | 7.4 | 62.8 | 6.5 | 0.5 |
| Age (years), n (%) | 0.5 | ||||
| <50 | 1965 | (14.7) | 35 | (3.9) | |
| 50–59 | 4924 | (36.8) | 240 | (26.9) | |
| 60–69 | 5639 | (42.1) | 502 | (56.3) | |
| ≥70 | 868 | (6.5) | 114 | (12.8) | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.1 | ||||
| Males | 6228 | (46.5) | 352 | (39.5) | |
| Females | 7168 | (53.5) | 539 | (60.5) | |
| Country, n (%) | 0.3 | ||||
| Czech Republic | 4344 | (32.4) | 185 | (20.8) | |
| Poland | 2852 | (21.3) | 211 | (23.7) | |
| Lithuania | 6200 | (46.3) | 495 | (55.6) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.5 | ||||
| Incomplete | 37 | (0.3) | 11 | (1.2) | |
| Primary | 1267 | (9.5) | 189 | (21.3) | |
| Vocational | 2538 | (19.0) | 189 | (21.3) | |
| Secondary | 4336 | (32.5) | 268 | (30.1) | |
| College | 1541 | (11.5) | 111 | (12.5) | |
| University | 3641 | (27.3) | 121 | (13.6) | |
| Occupational status, n (%) | 0.8 | ||||
| Employed | 5660 | (42.5) | 108 | (12.2) | |
| Retired/employed | 1709 | (12.8) | 73 | (8.2) | |
| Retired/unemployed | 5363 | (40.3) | 619 | (69.9) | |
| Unemployed | 583 | (4.4) | 86 | (9.7) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.2 | ||||
| Never | 7130 | (53.5) | 505 | (56.9) | |
| Past smoker | 3129 | (23.5) | 236 | (26.6) | |
| Current smoker | 3063 | (23.0) | 147 | (16.6) | |
| Alcohol consumption†, n (%) | 0.5 | ||||
| Never | 4096 | (31.0) | 484 | (54.9) | |
| <1/monthly | 3475 | (26.3) | 169 | (19.2) | |
| 1–3/monthly | 2807 | (21.2) | 116 | (13.2) | |
| 1–4/weekly | 2161 | (16.3) | 85 | (9.6) | |
| ≥5/weekly | 692 | (5.2) | 28 | (3.2) | |
| Deprivation range‡, mean (SD) | 1.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 0.4 |
| Physical activity§, mean (SD) | |||||
| Moderate | 15.1 | 11.2 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 0.2 |
| Vigorous | 4.0 | 5.3 | 3.2 | 5.5 | 0.2 |
*Frail status: frail (CGA-FI>0.25).
†Alcohol consumption (never, graduated frequency from 1 to 3 drinks monthly or 1–5 drinks weekly).
‡Deprivation scale (graded from 1 as the least deprived up to 12 as the most deprived).
§Number of hours of moderate and vigorous physical activity per week.
CGA-FI, Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment-based Frailty Index.