Association between degree of frailty and all-cause and CVD mortality
| Frailty categories* | No. of persons | No. of deaths | Person-years of follow-up | Deaths per 100 person-years (95% CI) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR† (95% CI) | IPW HR‡ (95% CI) |
| All-cause mortality | |||||||
| Robust | 10 556 | 1373 | 140 104 | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.03) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Prefrail | 2840 | 711 | 36 520 | 1.95 (1.81 to 2.10) | 2.01 (1.83 to 2.19) | 1.46 (1.32 to 1.62) | 2.02 (1.84 to 2.22) |
| Mild | 612 | 189 | 7216 | 2.62 (2.27 to 3.02) | 2.81 (2.42 to 3.27) | 1.84 (1.56 to 2.17) | 2.06 (1.60 to 2.66) |
| Moderate | 165 | 74 | 1794 | 4.12 (3.28 to 5.18) | 4.55 (3.57 to 5.80) | 2.97 (2.31 to 3.82) | 2.25 (1.39 to 3.64) |
| Severe | 114 | 55 | 1132 | 4.86 (3.73 to 6.33) | 5.58 (4.22 to 7.39) | 2.97 (2.21 to 3.99) | 2.71 (1.45 to 5.07) |
| CVD mortality | |||||||
| Robust | 10 556 | 482 | 140 104 | 0.34 (0.31 to 0.38) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Prefrail | 2840 | 310 | 36 520 | 0.85 (0.76 to 0.95) | 2.50 (2.17 to 2.89) | 1.72 (1.47 to 2.02) | 2.50 (2.15 to 2.91) |
| Mild | 612 | 98 | 7216 | 1.36 (1.11 to 1.66) | 4.14 (3.33 to 5.14) | 2.49 (1.94 to 3.19) | 3.05 (2.14 to 4.35) |
| Moderate | 165 | 39 | 1794 | 2.17 (1.59 to 2.98) | 6.78 (4.88 to 9.42) | 3.80 (2.64 to 5.48) | 4.15 (2.35 to 7.33) |
| Severe | 114 | 29 | 1132 | 2.56 (1.78 to 3.68) | 8.29 (5.71 to 12.0) | 3.96 (2.62 to 5.98) | 3.88 (1.95 to 7.74) |
*Frailty categories based on a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Frailty Index.
†Adjusted for age, sex, country, occupation, education and deprivation level; alcohol consumption, smoking status and level of physical activity.
‡Inverse probability weighting based on propensity score derived from characteristics listed in online supplemental table 1.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; IPW HR, inverse probability weighting HR.