Association between degree of frailty and all-cause mortality by sex
| Frailty categories* | No. of persons | No. of deaths | Person-years of follow-up | Deaths per 100 person-years (95% CI) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR† (95% CI) | IPW HR‡ (95% CI) |
| Males | |||||||
| Robust | 4879 | 859 | 62 940 | 1.36 (1.28 to 1.46) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Prefrail | 1349 | 456 | 16 816 | 2.71 (2.47 to 2.97) | 2.00 (1.79 to 2.24) | 1.58 (1.39 to 1.79) | 1.98 (1.76 to 2.23) |
| Mild | 257 | 109 | 2940 | 3.71 (3.07 to 4.47) | 2.83 (2.32 to 3.44) | 2.03 (1.62 to 2.54) | 2.06 (1.49 to 2.86) |
| Moderate | 47 | 32 | 445 | 7.19 (5.08 to 10.2) | 5.75 (3.87 to 8.55) | 3.66 (2.40 to 5.57) | 3.10 (1.51 to 6.37) |
| Severe | 48 | 33 | 446 | 7.41 (5.27 to 10.4) | 6.15 (4.33 to 8.73) | 3.25 (2.20 to 4.81) | 2.51 (1.00 to 6.55) |
| Females | |||||||
| Robust | 5677 | 514 | 77 164 | 0.67 (0.61 to 0.73) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Prefrail | 1491 | 255 | 19 704 | 1.29 (1.14 to 1.46) | 1.97 (1.70 to 2.29) | 1.32 (1.12 to 1.55) | 2.01 (1.72 to 2.36) |
| Mild | 355 | 80 | 4276 | 1.87 (1.50 to 2.33) | 3.01 (2.38 to 3.81) | 1.70 (1.31 to 2.20) | 1.90 (1.24 to 2.92) |
| Moderate | 118 | 42 | 1349 | 3.11 (2.30 to 4.21) | 5.14 (3.74 to 7.08) | 2.62 (1.88 to 3.64) | 2.49 (1.35 to 4.59) |
| Severe | 66 | 22 | 687 | 3.20 (2.11 to 4.86) | 5.51 (3.50 to 8.67) | 2.83 (1.75 to 4.58) | 2.54 (1.29 to 5.00) |
*Frailty categories based on a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Frailty Index.
†Adjusted for age, country, occupation, education and deprivation level; alcohol consumption, smoking status and level of physical activity.
‡Inverse probability weighting based on propensity score derived from characteristics listed in online supplemental table 1.
IPW HR, inverse probability weighting HR.