Individual and neighbourhood-level characteristics of births in Seattle, Washington, 2017–2019
| Total (n=25 909) | Preterm birth (n=1544) | Term birth (n=24 365) | |
| Individual | N (%) or median (IQR) | ||
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| NH American Indian/Alaska Native | 93 (0.4%) | 8 (0.5%) | 85 (0.3%) |
| NH Asian | 4679 (18.1%) | 292 (18.9%) | 4387 (18.0%) |
| NH Black | 2778 (10.7%) | 176 (11.4%) | 2602 (10.7%) |
| Hispanic/Latina/e | 3831 (14.8%) | 288 (18.7%) | 3543 (14.5%) |
| NH multiracial | 1069 (4.1%) | 75 (4.9%) | 994 (4.1%) |
| NH White | 13 325 (51.4%) | 693 (44.9%) | 12 632 (51.8%) |
| Missing | 134 (0.5%) | 12 (0.8%) | 122 (0.5%) |
| Born outside of USA | 9395 (36.3%) | 550 (35.6%) | 8845 (36.3%) |
| Age | 32.5 (5.05) | 32.7 (5.59) | 32.5 (5.01) |
| HS education or less | 4498 (17.4%) | 365 (23.6%) | 4133 (17.0%) |
| Medicaid | 6596 (25.5%) | 496 (32.1%) | 6100 (25.0%) |
| Prior preterm birth | 467 (1.8%) | 107 (6.9%) | 360 (1.5%) |
| Male infant sex | 13 071 (50.4%) | 868 (56.2%) | 12 203 (50.1%) |
| Neighbourhood | |||
| ICE race income* | |||
| Quintile 1 (least privileged) | 7026 (27.1%) | 487 (31.5%) | 6539 (26.8%) |
| Quintile 2 | 4884 (18.9%) | 310 (20.1%) | 4574 (18.8%) |
| Quintile 3 | 4285 (16.5%) | 238 (15.4%) | 4047 (16.6%) |
| Quintile 4 | 5607 (21.6%) | 301 (19.5%) | 5306 (21.8%) |
| Quintile 5 (most privileged) | 4107 (15.9%) | 208 (13.5%) | 3899 (16.0%) |
| Violent crime rate per 1000 residents | 2.14 (0.93, 2.98) | 2.24 (0.82, 3.16) | 2.14 (0.93, 2.98) |
| Prepregnancy police stops per 10 000 residents | |||
| Total stops | 78.1 (26.51, 105.7) | 81.16 (22.73, 107.4) | 77.98 (26.67, 105.68) |
| Proactive stops | 31.13 (9.28, 43.79) | 32.22 (7.7, 44.16) | 31.07 (9.35, 43.71) |
| Frisk | 14.44 (5.53, 25) | 15.76 (5.99, 26.41) | 14.34 (5.52, 24.93) |
| Stops of Black people | 328.57 (179.51, 850.34) | 305.04 (154.87, 720.57) | 329.5 (180.59, 855.01) |
| Stops of White people | 61.68 (21.66, 93.37) | 65 (20.82, 95.73) | 61.46 (21.68, 93.23) |
| First trimester police stops per 10 000 residents | |||
| Total stops | 18.81 (5.92, 26.94) | 19.41 (5.21, 27.25) | 18.75 (5.94, 26.88) |
| Proactive stops | 7.14 (2.2, 11.19) | 7.4 (1.96, 11.64) | 7.13 (2.2, 11.15) |
| Frisk | 3.43 (1.31, 6.55) | 3.7 (1.3, 6.71) | 3.42 (1.31, 6.52) |
| Stops of Black people | 76.24 (34.78, 186.05) | 70.05 (19.17, 156.9) | 76.45 (35.12, 186.95) |
| Stops of White people | 14.9 (4.53, 23.3) | 15.43 (4.16, 24.38) | 14.9 (4.57, 23.25) |
| Second trimester police stops per 10 000 residents | |||
| Total stops | 18.66 (5.95, 26.66) | 19.08 (5.52, 26.72) | 18.61 (5.98, 26.66) |
| Proactive stops | 7.12 (2.2, 11.27) | 7.33 (1.85, 11.47) | 7.12 (2.2, 11.25) |
| Frisk | 3.42 (1.36, 6.57) | 3.51 (1.36, 6.97) | 3.42 (1.36, 6.55) |
| Stops of Black people | 74.98 (32.4, 183.31) | 68.81 (19.63, 161.87) | 75.57 (33.14, 184.35) |
| Stops of White people | 14.43 (4.47, 22.92) | 14.62 (4.32, 23.57) | 14.43 (4.48, 22.91) |
*Calculated based on distribution of all neighbourhoods in Seattle to better reflect the racialised economic segregation in all of Seattle rather than based on the neighbourhoods that birthing people live in.
ICE, index of concentration at the extremes; NH, non-Hispanic.