Change in the slope index of inequality (SII)* in all-cause mortality with and without smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) per 100 000 person-years, and the contribution of SAM on the changes in all-cause mortality inequalities for the population aged 30 and older by sex in England and Wales, Finland, and Italy (Turin), 1972–2017
| Change in SII per 100 000 person-years* | Contribution of SAM to the change in SII in all-cause mortality | |||
| All-cause (a) | Without smoking (b) | Absolute (c)† | Relative (%) (d)‡ | |
| England and Wales | ||||
| Males | ||||
| 1972–2017 | −497.14 | −139.80 | −357.34 | 72 |
| Periods | ||||
| 1972–1977 | 1206.45 | −15.53 | 1221.98 | 101 |
| 1977–2017 | −1703.59 | −124.27 | −1579.32 | 93 |
| Females | ||||
| 1972–2017 | 290.58 | −474.62 | 765.20 | 263 |
| Periods | ||||
| 1972–1980 | 821.31 | −84.41 | 905.72 | 110 |
| 1980–2017 | −530.73 | −390.21 | −140.52 | 26 |
| Finland | ||||
| Males | ||||
| 1972–2017 | −1206.80 | −294.02 | −912.78 | 76 |
| Periods | ||||
| 1972–1982 | −462.45 | −119.54 | −342.90 | 74 |
| 1982–1997 | −38.05 | 282.41 | −320.46 | 842 |
| 1997–2017 | −706.31 | −456.89 | −249.42 | 35 |
| Females | ||||
| 1972–2017 | −776.88 | −934.22 | 157.34 | −20 |
| Periods | ||||
| 1972–1976 | −384.18 | −314.18 | −70.00 | 18 |
| 1976–2017 | −392.70 | −620.05 | 227.34 | −58 |
| Italy (Turin) | ||||
| Males | ||||
| 1972–2017 | −550.37 | −375.51 | −174.86 | 32 |
| Periods | ||||
| 1972–1976 | −555.81 | −176.78 | −379.03 | 68 |
| 1976–1992 | 246.48 | −128.00 | 374.48 | 152 |
| 1992–2017 | −241.04 | −70.73 | −170.31 | 71 |
| Females | ||||
| 1972–2017 | −310.02 | −332.90 | 22.88 | -7 |
Negative numbers in (c) mean that smoking contributed to a decline in all-cause SII, whereas positive numbers in (c) mean that smoking increased it. Negative numbers in (d) mean that the contribution of SAM is opposed to the observed trend in all-cause SII. Numbers higher than 100 in (d) indicate that the direction of the trend in SII without SAM was the opposite of that observed for the SII in all-cause mortality. The findings for English and Welsh females need to be interpreted with caution given large fluctuations in SII for smoking-attributable, all-cause and non-smoking-attributable mortality. Data sources: ONS Longitudinal Study/Statistics Finland/Turin Longitudinal Study.
*Based on fitted values from segmented regression analysis.
†(c)=(a)–(b).
‡(d)=[(a)–(b)/(a)]×100.