Adjusted risk ratios (aRR) and hazard ratios (aHR) for preterm birth associated with neighbourhood-level police stops in each exposure window, stratified by birthing person race and ethnicity, Seattle, Washington 2017–2019
| Neighbourhood police stop rate (per 10 000) | All births, aRR (95% CI) | Asian births, aRR (95% CI) | Black births, aRR (95% CI) | Hispanic/Latina/e births, aRR (95% CI) | White births, aRR (95% CI) |
| Prepregnancy | |||||
| Overall stops | |||||
| Low (0, 46.9) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Medium (46.9, 98.8) | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.14) | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.3) | 1.38 (1.02 to 1.85)* | 0.84 (0.66 to 1.07) | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.28) |
| High (98.8, 911.3) | 1.04 (0.87 to 1.24) | 0.9 (0.69 to 1.17) | 1.41 (0.85 to 2.33) | 0.79 (0.57 to 1.1) | 1.17 (0.87 to 1.59) |
| Police-initiated stops | |||||
| Low (0, 16.5) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Medium (16.5, 38.6) | 1.06 (0.95 to 1.17) | 1.1 (0.87 to 1.37) | 1.24 (0.88 to 1.73) | 0.75 (0.61 to 0.92)** | 1.14 (0.96 to 1.35) |
| High (38.6, 474.2) | 1.05 (0.9 to 1.24) | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.21) | 1.36 (0.91 to 2.04) | 0.85 (0.65 to 1.12) | 1.23 (0.96 to 1.57) |
| Frisk-involved stops | |||||
| Low (0, 8.2) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Medium (8.2, 20.7) | 1 (0.87 to 1.14) | 0.81 (0.62 to 1.06) | 1.14 (0.76 to 1.72) | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.14) | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.43) |
| High (20.7, 150.3) | 1.1 (0.98 to 1.23) | 1.05 (0.82 to 1.35) | 1.11 (0.67 to 1.86) | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.39) | 1.15 (0.93 to 1.41) |
| First trimester | |||||
| Overall stops | |||||
| Low (0, 10.2) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Medium (10.2, 24.3) | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.06) | 0.91 (0.7 to 1.17) | 1.16 (0.82 to 1.66) | 0.78 (0.64 to 0.96)* | 0.96 (0.74 to 1.25) |
| High (24.3, 200.1) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.2) | 0.85 (0.59 to 1.21) | 1.74 (1.17 to 2.57)** | 0.64 (0.49 to 0.84)** | 1.19 (0.86 to 1.65) |
| Police-initiated stops | |||||
| Low (0, 3.7) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Medium (3.7, 9.7) | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.05) | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.22) | 1.18 (0.83 to 1.67) | 0.89 (0.73 to 1.08) | 0.94 (0.79 to 1.11) |
| High (9.7, 107.9) | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.23) | 0.94 (0.64 to 1.37) | 1.46 (0.99 to 2.13) | 0.78 (0.59 to 1.02) | 1.16 (0.89 to 1.52) |
| Frisk-involved stops | |||||
| Low (0, 1.9) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Medium (1.9, 5.3) | 1 (0.88 to 1.14) | 0.87 (0.72 to 1.04) | 1.06 (0.67 to 1.68) | 0.93 (0.74 to 1.17) | 1.04 (0.83 to 1.31) |
| High (5.3, 45.5) | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.18) | 0.93 (0.67 to 1.3) | 1.33 (0.9 to 1.98) | 0.81 (0.59 to 1.12) | 1.18 (0.91 to 1.51) |
| Second trimester | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) |
| Overall stops | |||||
| Low (0, 10.1) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Medium (10.1, 24.2) | 0.97 (0.82 to 1.14) | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.23) | 1.26 (0.89 to 1.78) | 0.82 (0.65 to 1.02) | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.31) |
| High (24.2, 189.4) | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.13) | 0.82 (0.62 to 1.08) | 1.66 (1.14 to 2.42)** | 0.6 (0.44 to 0.82)** | 1.19 (0.97 to 1.47) |
| Police-initiated stops | |||||
| Low (0, 3.6) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Medium (3.6, 9.7) | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.06) | 0.91 (0.73 to 1.14) | 1.13 (0.82 to 1.56) | 0.8 (0.65 to 0.97)* | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.22) |
| High (9.7, 105.2) | 0.94 (0.81 to 1.1) | 0.95 (0.69 to 1.31) | 1.54 (1.01 to 2.36)* | 0.58 (0.43 to 0.79)*** | 1.01 (0.78 to 1.29) |
| Frisk-involved stops | |||||
| Low (0, 1.9) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Medium (1.9, 5.3) | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.21) | 1.08 (0.87 to 1.35) | 1.25 (0.82 to 1.91) | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.43) | 1.05 (0.81 to 1.36) |
| High (5.3, 44.1) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.2) | 0.83 (0.63 to 1.09) | 1.55 (1.01 to 2.4)* | 0.87 (0.62 to 1.22) | 1.13 (0.88 to 1.45) |
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.