Study description of poverty dynamic exposures and outcomes in the Irish Growing Up in Ireland Study–Infant Cohort up to age 9 years (wave 5)
| | Never in poverty | Vulnerable to poverty 1* | Vulnerable to poverty 2† | Persistent poverty |
| (n=4804) | (n=1791) | (n=2851) | (n=1688) | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Child covariates | ||||
| Gender (female) | 2324 (48.4) | 893 (49.9) | 1422 (49.9) | 816 (48.3) |
| Relationship to PCG (parent) | 4804 (100) | 1790 (99.9) | 2851 (100) | 1687 (99.9) |
| Low birth weight <2500 grams | 253 (5.3) | 98 (5.5) | 187 (6.6) | 134 (7.9) |
| Preterm <37 weeks | 287 (6) | 106 (5.9) | 200 (7) | 144 (8.5) |
| Extra resourced school (DEIS) in an area of deprivation | 328 (6.8) | 200 (11.2) | 424 (14.9) | 295 (17.5) |
| PCG covariates at 9 months | ||||
| Gender (female) | 4784 (99.6) | 1786 (99.7) | 2846 (99.8) | 1680 (99.5) |
| PCG age categories | ||||
| Less than 26 years | 359 (7.5) | 226 (12.6) | 906 (31.8) | 509 (30.2) |
| 27–30 years | 918 (19.1) | 352 (19.7) | 631 (22.1) | 372 (22) |
| 31–35 years | 2063 (42.9) | 711 (39.7) | 748 (26.2) | 431 (25.5) |
| 36–39 years | 1143 (23.8) | 360 (20.1) | 412 (14.5) | 263 (15.6) |
| 40+ | 321 (6.7) | 142 (7.9) | 154 (5.4) | 113 (6.7) |
| Degree—yes | 2507 (52.2) | 745 (41.6) | 555 (19.5) | 224 (13.3) |
| Chronic health problem—yes | 415 (8.6) | 260 (14.5) | 289 (10.1) | 306 (18.1) |
| Raised depression score—yes | 30 (0.6) | 38 (2.1) | 42 (1.5) | 72 (4.3) |
| Overweight—yes | 1887 (39.3) | 796 (44.4) | 1277 (44.8) | 868 (51.4) |
| Household covariates at 9 months | ||||
| House owner (with or without mortgage) | 4085 (85) | 1403 (78.3) | 1339 (47) | 578 (34.2) |
| Family social class | ||||
| Professional/managerial | 3471 (72.3) | 1032 (57.6) | 672 (23.6) | 251 (14.9) |
| Other non-manual/skilled manual | 1066 (22.2) | 582 (32.5) | 1195 (41.9) | 528 (31.3) |
| Semiskilled/unskilled manual | 214 (4.5) | 130 (7.3) | 442 (15.5) | 290 (17.2) |
| Never worked at all | 53 (1.1) | 47 (2.6) | 542 (19) | 619 (36.7) |
| Equivalised household income | ||||
| 4th–10th decile | 4311 (89.7) | 1578 (88.1) | 820 (28.8) | 351 (20.8) |
| 1st–3rd decile | 130 (2.7) | 97 (5.4) | 1782 (62.5) | 1201 (71.1) |
| 4-category household type | ||||
| One parent+1 child | 69 (1.4) | 74 (4.1) | 276 (9.7) | 171 (10.1) |
| One parent+>2 children | 46 (1) | 42 (2.3) | 339 (11.9) | 342 (20.3) |
| Two parents+1 child | 2054 (42.8) | 663 (37) | 700 (24.6) | 277 (16.4) |
| Two parents+>2 children | 2635 (54.9) | 1012 (56.5) | 1536 (53.9) | 898 (53.2) |
| Child outcomes at age 9 | ||||
| Overweight | 581 (12.1) | 305 (17) | 451 (15.8) | 320 (19) |
| Longstanding illness | 710 (14.8) | 355 (19.8) | 441 (15.5) | 303 (18) |
| Total SDQ Difficulties‡—teacher | 334 (7) | 166 (9.3) | 302 (10.6) | 246 (14.6) |
| Total SDQ Difficulties‡—parent | 130 (2.7) | 107 (6) | 158 (5.5) | 147 (8.7) |
| Mother outcomes at age 9 | ||||
| Raised depression score (>17 score) | 168 (3.5) | 147 (8.2) | 182 (6.4) | 215 (12.7) |
| Longstanding illness | 481 (10) | 333 (18.6) | 364 (12.8) | 326 (19.3) |
| Overweight | 1515 (31.5) | 702 (39.2) | 911 (32) | 608 (36) |
*Vulnerable to poverty 1: material>income.
†Vulnerable to poverty 2: income>material.
‡SDQ >17 score indicates high risk.
DEIS, Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools; PCG, primary caregiver; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.