Results of multilevel models showing the association between homelessness and trajectories of early adolescent externalising problems†
| Fixed effect parameters | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) |
| Never/ever homeless by age 9 | ||
| (Intercept) | 0.324 (0.171 to 0.476)*** | 0.329 (0.176 to 0.482)*** |
| Age | 0.001 (−0.004 to 0.005) | 0 (−0.005 to 0.005) |
| Never homeless by age 9 | Ref | Ref |
| Homeless by age 9 | 0.167 (0.081 to 0.253)*** | 0.073 (−0.184 to 0.331) |
| Sex (female) | −0.312 (−0.349 to 0.275)*** | −0.312 (−0.349 to 0.275)*** |
| Age×homeless by age 9 | 0.009 (−0.014 to 0.031) | |
| By first exposure to homelessness | ||
| (Intercept) | 0.325 (0.172 to 0.478)*** | 0.33 (0.17 to 0.483)*** |
| Age | 0.001 (−0.004 to 0.005) | 0 (−0.004 to 0.005) |
| Never homeless by age 9 | Ref | Ref |
| First homeless ages 0–2 | 0.159 (0.059 to 0.259)** | 0.119 (−0.163 to 0.401) |
| First homeless ages 3–5 | 0.118 (−0.073 to 0.310) | −0.187 (−0.731 to 0.358) |
| First homeless ages 6–8 | 0.322 (0.047 to 0.597)* | 0.218 (−0.582 to 1.019) |
| Sex (female) | −0.312 (−0.35 to 0.275)*** | −0.312 (−0.35 to 0.275)*** |
| Age×first homeless ages 0–2 | 0.004 (−0.021 to 0.028) | |
| Age×first homeless ages 3–5 | 0.028 (−0.019 to 0.075) | |
| Age×first homeless ages 6–8 | 0.01 (−0.06 to 0.08) | |
| Persistent homelessness | ||
| (Intercept) | 0.325 (0.173 to 0.478)*** | 0.33 (0.178 to 0.483)*** |
| Age | 0.001 (−0.004 to 0.005) | 0 (−0.004 to 0.005) |
| Never homeless by age 9 | Ref | Ref |
| Reported homeless one time by age 9 | 0.130 (0.037 to 0.223)** | 0.008 (−0.274 to 0.291) |
| Reported homeless 2+ times by age 9 | 0.353 (0.156 to 0.551)*** | 0.398 (−0.16 to 0.956) |
| Sex (female) | −0.312 (−0.349 to 0.275)*** | −0.312 (−0.349 to 0.275)*** |
| Age×reported homeless one time by age 9 | 0.011 (−0.014 to 0.036) | |
| Age×reported homeless 2+ times by age 9 | −0.004 (−0.053 to 0.045) | |
*P=0.05, **P=0.01, ***P=0.001.
†All models adjusted for child ethnicity and sex, maternal education, number of financial difficulties, parity, maternal depression and maternal age.
Ref, reference group.