Men | Women | |||||
Baseline | First follow-up | Second follow-up | Baseline | First follow-up | Second follow-up | |
n=2769 (45%) | n=2769 (45%) | n=1363 (45%) | n=3349 (55%) | n=3349 (55%) | n=1692 (55%) | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Grip strength (kg) (mean (SD)) | 41.6 (9.4) | 39.1 (9.8) | 37.3 (9.1) | 24.9 (6.4) | 23.4 (6.7) | 22.4 (6.2) |
Change in grip strength between the measurements (kg) (mean (SD))* | – | −2.5 (7.2) | −2.9 (6.6) | – | −1.5 (5.1) | −1.4 (4.9) |
UCLA Loneliness Scale score 3–9 (median (IQR)) | 3 (3–5) | 3 (3–5) | 3 (3–4) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) |
Change in UCLA loneliness score between the measurements (mean (SD))* | – | 0.08 (1.3) | 0.05 (1.2) | – | 0.09 (1.4) | 0.02 (1.4) |
Age category (years) | ||||||
50–60 | 1190 (43) | 722 (26) | 23 (2) | 1484 (44) | 882 (26) | 30 (2) |
61–70 | 980 (35) | 1086 (39) | 699 (51) | 1127 (34) | 1316 (39) | 850 (50) |
≥71 | 599 (22) | 961 (35) | 641 (47) | 738 (22) | 1151 (34) | 812 (48) |
Employment status | ||||||
Retired | 1349 (49) | 1688 (61) | 1068 (78) | 1558 (47) | 2080 (62) | 1363 (81) |
Employed | 1210 (44) | 907 (33) | 248 (18) | 1153 (34) | 799 (24) | 184 (11) |
Unemployed | 70 (3) | 63 (2) | 22 (2) | 520 (16) | 378 (11) | 124 (7) |
Permanently sick or disabled | 140 (5) | 111 (4) | 25 (2) | 118 (4) | 92 (3) | 21 (1) |
NS-SEC by occupation | ||||||
Managerial and professional occupations | 1262 (46) | 1202 (43) | 589 (43) | 1020 (30) | 993 (30) | 466 (28) |
Intermediate occupations | 541 (20) | 577 (21) | 288 (21) | 988 (30) | 1016 (30) | 552 (33) |
Routine and manual occupations | 966 (35) | 990 (36) | 486 (36) | 1341 (40) | 1340 (40) | 674 (40) |
Living alone | ||||||
No | 2364 (85) | 2303 (83) | 1142 (84) | 2480 (74) | 2370 (71) | 1134 (67) |
Yes | 405 (15) | 466 (17) | 221 (16) | 869 (26) | 979 (29) | 558 (33) |
Arthritis | ||||||
No | 2549 (92) | 2640 (95) | 1312 (96) | 2963 (88) | 3160 (94) | 1624 (96) |
Yes | 220 (8) | 129 (5) | 51 (4) | 386 (12) | 189 (6) | 68 (4) |
Cancer | ||||||
No | 2709 (98) | 2703 (98) | 1320 (97) | 3263 (97) | 3284 (98) | 1661 (98) |
Yes | 60 (2) | 66 (2) | 43 (3) | 86 (3) | 65 (2) | 31 (2) |
Diabetes | ||||||
No | 2647 (96) | 2706 (98) | 1344 (99) | 3249 (97) | 3286 (98) | 1677 (99) |
Yes | 122 (4) | 63 (2) | 19 (1) | 100 (3) | 63 (2) | 15 (1) |
Cardiovascular diseases | ||||||
No | 2607 (94) | 2672 (96) | 1323 (97) | 3211 (96) | 3251 (97) | 1645 (97) |
Yes | 162 (6) | 97 (4) | 40 (3) | 138 (4) | 98 (3) | 47 (3) |
Stroke | ||||||
No | 2742 (99) | 2733 (99) | 1347 (99) | 3322 (99) | 3322 (99) | 1682 (99) |
Yes | 27 (1) | 36 (1) | 16 (1) | 27 (1) | 27 (1) | 10 (1) |
The baseline comprises initial measurements at the entry of the study of each participant; the first and second follow-up were conducted 4 and 8 years thereafter.
*The third measure is in comparison to the second.
NS-SEC, National Statistics Socioeconomic Classification; UCLA, University of California Los Angeles.