Table 3

Regression analysis of changes of depression score (β) before and during COVID-19 pandemic by individual risk factors (N=2853)

	Age-adjusted model		Fully adjusted model*
	β	P value	β	P value
Age (SD=6.77)	0.076	<0.001	0.052	0.006
Sex (ref. male)	0.022	0.249	0.032	0.070
Education
Primary	0 (ref)	–	0 (ref)	–
Secondary	0.019	0.355	0.015	0.435
University	0.007	0.718	0.012	0.516
Living alone (yes vs no)	0.018	0.343	0.024	0.184
Self-rated health
Very good or good	0 (ref)	–	0 (ref)	–
Average	−0.005	0.787	0.073	<0.001
Poor or very poor	0.023	0.256	0.170	<0.001
Working status (yes vs no)	−0.027	0.175	−0.021	0.261
Depression before COVID pandemic (yes vs no)	−0.392	<0.001	−0.444	<0.001
Financial stressors†	−0.005	0.809	0.003	0.857
Social and perception stressors†	0.046	0.015	0.057	0.001
Death and hospitalisation stressors†	0.067	<0.001	0.064	<0.001
Delays in healthcare (yes vs no)	0.027	0.154	0.048	0.005
Suffer from COVID-19 (yes vs no)	0.038	0.044	0.045	0.008

Outcome variable (change in depression score) standardised; SD=4.56.
Bold values represent statistically significant effects (p<0.05).
*Model adjusted for sex, age, education, living alone, self-rated health, employment status and depression before COVID-19 pandemic.
†Latent continuous variable
‡
Ref, reference group.