Association between housing cost to income and mortality rate, by housing policy measures during the post-global financial crisis (2009–2017)
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Panel A-1. Low social housing stock | |||
| Per 1% increase in housing costs to income | 3.014* (0.133 to 5.894) | 1.484* (0.197 to 2.772) | 0.647* (0.100 to 1.194) |
| Country-years | 191 | 191 | 191 |
| Countries | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Panel A-2. Higher social housing stock | |||
| Per 1% increase in housing costs to income | −4.891** (−7.344 to −2.437) | 0.066 (−1.642 to 1.775) | −0.963 (−2.633 to 0.707) |
| Country-years | 42 | 42 | 42 |
| Countries | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Panel B-1. No rent control | |||
| Per 1% increase in housing cost to income | 4.119* (0.014 to 8.225) | 2.052 (−0.035 to 4.137) | 0.877* (0.050 to 1.704) |
| Country-years | 120 | 120 | 120 |
| Countries | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Panel B-2. Rent control | |||
| Per 1% increase in housing cost to income | 0.236 (−4.103 to 4.575) | 0.692 (−1.336 to 2.720) | 0.165 (−0.546 to 0.875) |
| Country-years | 113 | 113 | 113 |
| Countries | 13 | 13 | 13 |
Confidence intervals are based on robust standard errors clustered by country. All models control for GDP per capita, year, and country-specific time trends. Column 1 shows the results for preventable mortality rate. Column 2 shows the results for treatable mortality rate. Column 3 shows the results for suicide rate.
***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.
GDP, gross domestic product.