Baseline characteristics of participants according to SES shift patterns
| Characteristics | Total population (n=18 672) | Sharp SES downshift (n=166) | Moderate SES downshift (n=470) | SES stable (n=10 273) | Moderate SES upshift (n=2449) | Sharp SES upshift (n=5314) |
| Age, years (mean±SD) | 51.51 (10.45) | 57.10 (11.30) | 48.80 (7.62) | 52.0 (10.40) | 48.90 (9.29) | 51.70 (10.90) |
| Male | 7294 (39.06) | 51 (30.72) | 226 (48.09) | 4036 (39.29) | 978 (39.93) | 2003 (37.69) |
| Family history of cardiovascular disease | 3891 (20.84) | 28 (16.87) | 99 (21.06) | 2214 (21.55) | 470 (19.19) | 1080 (20.32) |
| Hypertension | 1777 (9.52) | 28 (16.87) | 39 (8.30) | 1098 (10.69) | 210 (8.57) | 402 (7.56) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 496 (2.66) | 7 (4.22) | 12 (2.55) | 316 (3.08) | 61 (2.49) | 100 (1.88) |
| Married | 17 104 (91.60) | 144 (86.75) | 450 (95.74) | 9480 (92.28) | 2299 (93.88) | 4731 (89.03) |
| BMI group | ||||||
| <18.5 | 784 (4.20) | 8 (4.82) | 5 (1.06) | 423 (4.12) | 89 (3.63) | 259 (4.87) |
| 18.5–23.9 | 9736 (52.14) | 80 (48.19) | 239 (50.85) | 5189 (50.51) | 1291 (52.72) | 2937 (55.27) |
| 24–27.9 | 6167 (33.03) | 56 (33.73) | 165 (35.11) | 3487 (33.94) | 807 (32.95) | 1652 (31.09) |
| ≥28.0 | 1985 (10.63) | 22 (13.25) | 61 (12.98) | 1174 (11.43) | 262 (10.70) | 466 (8.77) |
| Urban residence | 7474 (40.03) | 72 (43.37) | 326 (69.36) | 5030 (48.96) | 1129 (46.10) | 917 (17.26) |
| Alcohol consumption status | ||||||
| Never regular | 8614 (46.13) | 103 (62.05) | 205 (43.62) | 4701 (45.76) | 1181 (48.22) | 2424 (45.62) |
| Previous | 295 (1.58) | 145 (1.41) | 5 (3.01) | 6 (1.28) | 44 (1.80) | 95 (1.79) |
| Current* | 9763 (52.29) | 58 (34.94) | 259 (55.11) | 5427 (52.83) | 1224 (49.98) | 2795 (52.60) |
| Smoking category | ||||||
| Never | 11 874 (63.59) | 120 (72.29) | 266 (56.60) | 6572 (63.97) | 1559 (63.66) | 3357 (63.17) |
| Previous | 984 (5.27) | 4 (2.41) | 24 (5.11) | 603 (5.87) | 105 (4.29) | 248 (4.67) |
| Current† | 5814 (31.14) | 42 (25.30) | 180 (38.30) | 3098 (30.16) | 785 (32.05) | 1709 (32.16) |
| Self-rated health | ||||||
| Excellent | 3413 (18.28) | 23 (13.86) | 132 (28.09) | 2061 (20.06) | 444 (18.13) | 753 (14.17) |
| Good | 5522 (29.57) | 56 (33.73) | 156 (33.19) | 3142 (30.59) | 685 (27.97) | 1483 (27.91) |
| Fair | 7958 (42.62) | 76 (45.78) | 150 (31.91) | 4212 (41.00) | 1147 (46.84) | 2373 (44.66) |
| Poor | 1779 (9.53) | 11 (6.63) | 32 (6.81) | 858 (8.35) | 173 (7.06) | 705 (13.27) |
| Total daily physical activity (MET hours/day) (mean±SD) | 21.20 (14.26) | 21.21 (13.10) | 27.44 (13.07) | 20.93 (13.96) | 20.38 (14.13) | 21.53 (14.90) |
| Baseline SES‡ | ||||||
| Low | 6108 (32.71) | 0 | 0 | 1058 (10.30) | 59 (2.41) | 4991 (93.92) |
| Low to medium | 2571 (13.77) | 0 | 25 (5.32) | 294 (2.86) | 1929 (78.77) | 323 (6.08) |
| Medium | 8054 (43.13) | 132 (79.52) | 44 (9.36) | 7417 (72.20) | 461 (18.82) | 0 |
| High | 1939 (10.38) | 34 (20.48) | 401 (85.32) | 1504 (14.64) | 0 | 0 |
Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise.
*Current drinkers included individuals who reported drinking occasionally, monthly or weekly.
†Current smokers included individuals who reported smoking occasionally, on most days or daily.
‡Low to high levels of baseline SES were identified through latent class analysis and corresponded to baseline SES classes 1–4.
BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; SES, socioeconomic status.