Associations between migration background and COVID-19 deaths across the various waves in the Netherlands
| Variable | No of deaths | Model 1 IRR (95% CI) | Model 2 IRR (95% CI) | Model 3 IRR (95% CI) |
| First wave (1 March 2020–7 June 2020) | ||||
| Migration background (broad categories) | ||||
| Dutch origin | 8501 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| LMIC origin | 469 | 1.41 (1.29 to 1.55) | 1.35 (1.22 to 1.48) | 1.21 (1.05 to 1.40) |
| HIC origin | 1049 | 1.14 (1.07 to 1.21) | 1.12 (1.05 to 1.19) | 1.03 (0.67 to 1.58) |
| Migration background (specific categories) | ||||
| Dutch origin | 8501 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Turkish origin | 93 | 1.55 (1.26 to 1.90) | 1.43 (1.16 to 1.76) | 1.34 (1.09 to 1.64) |
| Moroccan origin | 71 | 1.02 (0.81 to 1.29) | 1.17 (0.92 to 1.48) | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.36) |
| Surinamese origin | 172 | 1.99 (1.71 to 2.31) | 1.72 (1.47 to 2.00) | 1.64 (1.41 to 1.91) |
| Dutch Antilles origin | 24 | 1.07 (0.72 to 1.60) | 0.81 (0.54 to 1.21) | 0.76 (0.51 to 1.14) |
| Other LMIC origin | 109 | 1.17 (0.96 to 1.41) | 1.18 (1.47 to 1.32) | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.35) |
| Indonesian (HIC) origin | 331 | 1.35 (1.21 to 1.51) | 1.32 (1.18 to 1.47) | 1.32 (1.18 to 1.47) |
| Other HIC origin | 718 | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.14) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.13) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.12) |
| Interwave (7 June 2020–20 September 2020) | ||||
| Migration background (broad categories) | ||||
| Dutch origin | 399 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| LMIC origin | 65 | 4.29 (3.28 to 5.61) | 3.40 (2.57 to 4.49) | 3.01 (2.25 to 4.01) |
| HIC origin | 74 | 1.73 (1.35 to 2.22) | 1.68 (1.31 to 2.16) | 1.66 (1.30 to 2.13) |
| Migration background (specific categories) | ||||
| Dutch origin | 399 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Turkish origin | 8 | 3.01 (1.49 to 6.08) | 2.59 (1.28 to 5.26) | 2.24 (1.10 to 4.58) |
| Moroccan origin | 24 | 7.74 (5.10 to 11.73) | 7.75 (5.02 to 11.96) | 6.57 (4.21 to 10.24) |
| Surinamese origin | 15 | 3.76 (2.24 to 6.31) | 2.43 (1.44 to 4.11) | 2.23 (1.32 to 3.79) |
| Dutch Antilles origin | 4 | 3.94 (1.47 to 10.59) | 2.44 (0.91 to 6.56) | 2.23 (0.83 to 6.02) |
| Other LMIC origin | 14 | 3.16 (1.84 to 5.42) | 2.84 (1.65 to 4.88) | 2.53 (1.46 to 4.38) |
| Indonesian (HIC) origin | 27 | 2.33 (1.58 to 3.44) | 2.10 (1.42 to 3.10) | 2.11 (1.43 to 3.12) |
| Other HIC origin | 47 | 1.51 (1.11 to 2.04) | 1.51 (1.12 to 2.05) | 1.49 (1.10 to 2.01) |
| First part second wave (21 September 2020–6 December 2020). COVID-19 prevention measures targeted for populations with a migration background introduced here. | ||||
| Migration background (broad categories) | ||||
| Dutch origin | 4984 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| LMIC origin | 565 | 2.92 (2.68 to 3.19) | 2.32 (2.12 to 2.54) | 2.08 (1.89 to 2.29) |
| HIC origin | 586 | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.18) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.15) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.14) |
| Migration background (specific categories) | ||||
| Dutch | 4984 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Turkish origin | 141 | 4.02 (3.40 to 4.76) | 3.17 (2.67 to 3.76) | 2.79 (2.35 to 3.31) |
| Moroccan origin | 161 | 3.91 (3.34 to 4.58) | 3.52 (3.00 to 4.14) | 3.03 (2.57 to 3.57) |
| Surinamese origin | 141 | 2.80 (2.36 to 3.31) | 1.96 (1.65 to 2.33) | 1.82 (1.53 to 2.16) |
| Dutch Antilles origin | 21 | 1.62 (1.05 to 2.48) | 1.11 (0.72 to 1.70) | 1.03 (0.67 to 1.58) |
| Other LMIC origin | 101 | 1.87 (1.54 to 2.29) | 1.65 (1.35 to 2.01) | 1.49 (1.22 to 1.82) |
| Indonesian (HIC) origin | 188 | 1.31 (1.13 to 1.52) | 1.21 (1.05 to 1.40) | 1.21 (1.05 to 1.40) |
| Other HIC origin | 398 | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.11) | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.10) | 0.98 (0.88 to 1.08) |
| Second part second wave (07 December 2021 – 14 March 2021). | ||||
| Migration background (broad categories) | ||||
| Dutch origin | 9481 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| LMIC origin | 580 | 1.56 (1.43 to 1.70) | 1.52 (1.39 to 1.66) | 1.36 (1.25 to 1.49) |
| HIC origin | 1196 | 1.16 (1.09 to 1.23) | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.22) | 1.13 (1.07 to 1.20) |
| Migration background (specific categories) | ||||
| Dutch origin | 9481 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Turkish origin | 136 | 2.03 (1.71 to 2.41) | 1.85 (1.56 to 2.19) | 1.60 (1.35 to 1.90) |
| Moroccan origin | 116 | 1.50 (1.25 to 1.80) | 1.70 (1.42 to 2.05) | 1.45 (1.20 to 1.75) |
| Surinamese origin | 168 | 1.72 (1.47 to 2.00) | 1.59 (1.36 to 1.85) | 1.47 (1.26 to 1.71) |
| Dutch Antilles origin | 37 | 1.46 (1.06 to 2.01) | 1.16 (0.84 to 1.61) | 1.09 (0.79 to 1.50) |
| Other LMIC origin | 123 | 1.17 (0.98 to 1.40) | 1.22 (1.02 to 1.46) | 1.09 (0.91 to 1.31) |
| Indonesian (HIC) origin | 387 | 1.41 (1.28 to 1.56) | 1.40 (1.26 to 1.55) | 1.40 (1.26 to 1.55) |
| Other HIC origin | 809 | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.15) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.14) | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.12) |
Indonesia is officially categorised as an HIC in the Netherlands due to the history between the two countries. First, countries of origin were broadly classified based on World Bank’s ‘LMIC’ and ‘HIC’ categories. Second, the countries were classified into more specific subgroups, that is, five countries of origin with the largest number of inhabitants (Turkey, Morocco, Suriname, Dutch Antilles and Indonesia), and the remain groups into other LMIC origin and other HIC origin model 1=adjusted for age and sex, model 2=adjusted for age, sex, region of residence, residential care status, household size, model 3=adjusted for age, sex, region of residence, residential care status, household size and household wealth.
HIC, high-income country; IRR, Incidence rate ratio; LMIC, low-income and middle-income country.