Table 2

Associations between migration background and COVID-19 deaths between 1 March 2020 and 14 March 2021 (total study period) in the Netherlands

Variable	Name	No of deaths (27 949)	Model 1 IRR (95% CI)	Model 2 IRR (95% CI)	Model 3 IRR (95% CI)
Migration background (broad categories)
	Dutch origin	23 365	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	LMIC origin	1679	1.84 (1.75 to 1.94)	1.69 (1.61 to 1.78)	1.54 (1.46 to 1.62)
	HIC origin	2905	1.14 (1.10 to 1.19)	1.13 (1.08 to 1.17)	1.11 (1.07 to 1.16)
Migration background (specific categories)
	Dutch origin	23 365	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
	Turkish origin	378	2.30 (2.07 to 2.54)	2.03 (1.83 to 2.25)	1.81 (1.64 to 2.01)
	Moroccan origin	372	1.95 (1.76 to 2.16)	2.09 (1.89 to 2.32)	1.84 (1.65 to 2.04)
	Surinamese origin	496	2.08 (1.90 to 2.27)	1.74 (1.59 to 1.91)	1.63 (1.49 to 1.78)
	Dutch Antilles origin	86	1.39 (1.13 to 1.72)	1.05 (0.85 to 1.29)	0.98 (0.79 to 1.21)
	Other LMIC origin	347	1.35 (1.22 to 1.50)	1.34 (1.20 to 1.49)	1.22 (1.10 to 1.36)
	Indonesian (HIC) origin	933	1.39 (1.30 to 1.48)	1.34 (1.20 to 1.49)	1.34 (1.25 to 1.43)
	Other HIC origin	1972	1.06 (1.01 to 1.11)	1.05 (1.00 to 1.10)	1.03 (0.99 to 1.08)

First, countries of origin were broadly classified based on World Bank’s ‘LMIC’ and ‘HIC’ categories. Second, the countries were classified into more specific subgroups, that is, five countries of origin with the largest number of inhabitants (Turkey, Morocco, Suriname, Dutch Antilles and Indonesia), and the remain groups into other LMIC origin and other HIC origin. Indonesia is officially categorised as a high-income country in the Netherlands due to the history between the two countries. Model 1=adjusted for age and sex, model 2=adjusted for age, sex, region of residence, residential care status, household size, model 3=adjusted for age, sex, region of residence, residential care status, household size and household wealth.
HIC, high-income countries; IRR, Incidence rate ratio; LMIC, low-income and middle-income country.