Association between early life risk factors and time spent in MVPA at age 46 (β (95% CI); change in mean daily MVPA per 1 unit/category change in risk factor, n=5011)
| Adjusted for sex and wear time* | Adjusted for sex, wear time, SEP† | Mutually adjusted model‡ | ||||
| Parental occupational class | ||||||
| I—Professional, II—managerial/technical | Ref | <0.001 | -- | Ref | <0.001 | |
| III—Manual or non-manual | –4.33 (–6.16 to –2.50) | –3.56 (–5.47 to –1.65) | ||||
| IV—Partly skilled, V—unskilled | –6.67 (–8.95 to –4.38) | –5.43 (–7.84 to –3.03) | ||||
| Prenatal maternal risk factors | ||||||
| Maternal age at birth, per 1 year | 0.38 (0.24 to 0.52) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.19 to 0.47) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.14 to 0.46) | <0.001 |
| Previous pregnancies | ||||||
| 0 | Ref | 0.15 | Ref | 0.10 | Ref | 0.95 |
| 1–2 | 1.18 (–0.41 to 2.77) | 1.10 (–0.48 to 2.68) | 0.26 (–1.40 to 1.92) | |||
| 3+ | 2.05 (–0.24 to 4.34) | 2.40 (0.13 to 4.69) | 0.30 (–2.30 to 2.89) | |||
| Smoking during pregnancy | −2.52 (–4.02 to –1.02) | <0.001 | −1.98 (–3.50 to –0.46) | <0.05 | −1.93 (–3.46 to –0.39) | 0.01 |
| Clinical diabetes | 2.84 (–5.24 to 10.92) | 0.49 | 2.73 (–5.32 to 10.77) | 0.51 | 1.59 (–6.49 to 9.66) | 0.70 |
| Postnatal infant risk factors | ||||||
| Gestational age | ||||||
| Males | ||||||
| Preterm (<37 weeks) | −3.69 (–9.69 to 2.31) | <0.005 | −3.56 (–9.54 to 2.43) | <0.005 | −4.01 (–10.36 to 2.34) | <0.001 |
| Term (37–41 weeks) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Post-term (>41 weeks) | −7.43 (–11.45 to –3.40) | −7.05 (–11.10 to –3.01) | −6.28 (–10.48 to –2.08) | |||
| Females | ||||||
| Preterm (<37 weeks) | −2.75 (–8.52 to 3.01) | 0.47 | −2.75 (–8.50 to 3.01) | 0.51 | −3.60 (–9.09 to 1.88) | 0.37 |
| Term (37–41 weeks) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Post-term (>41) | −1.57 (–5.22 to 2.07) | −1.39 (–5.02 to 2.23) | −0.85 (–4.67 to 2.38) | |||
| Birth weight, per 1 kg | −0.36 (–1.81 to 1.08)§ | 0.62 | −0.61 (–2.05 to 0.83)¶ | 0.41 | −1.51 (–3.07 to 0.05) | 0.06 |
| Breast feeding >3 months, n (%) | 2.37 (0.02 to 4.73) | 0.05 | 1.46 (–0.90 to 3.82) | 0.22 | 0.84 (–1.58 to 3.26) | 0.50 |
| Infant health concerns, n (%) | ||||||
| 0 | Ref | 0.42 | Ref | 0.47SS | Ref | 0.47 |
| 1 | –0.37 (–2.23 to 1.48) | –0.34 (–2.19 to 1.52) | –0.39 (–2.31 to 1.52) | |||
| 2+ | –2.45 (–6.15 to 1.25) | –2.26 (–5.94 to 1.42) | –2.34 (–6.12 to 1.43) | |||
*Nine individual models, each adjusted for sex and wear time.
†Eight individual models, each adjusted for sex, wear time and paternal occupational class.
‡A single combined model including sex, wear time, paternal occupational class, maternal age at birth, previous pregnancies, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal clinical diabetes, gestational age, standardised birth weight, breast feeding and infant health concern.
§Estimate for birth weight in model adjusted for sex and gestational age: −0.63 (95% CI: −2.21 to 0.94); p=0.43.
¶Estimate for birth weight in model adjusted for sex, wear time, SEP and gestational age: −0.91 (95% CI: −2.48 to 0.66); p=0.26.
MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; Ref, reference; SEP, socioeconomic position.