Association between V-DEM component indices and excess mortality per 100 000 population* (n=75)
| Alternative V-DEM component indices | Change in excess mortality per 100 000 for one-unit change in index | P value | 95% CI |
| Electoral | −0.95 | 0.22 | −2.47 to 0.57 |
| Liberal | −0.94 | 0.24 | −2.51 to 0.63 |
| Egalitarian | −1.78 | 0.08 | −3.78 to 0.21 |
| Participatory | 0.22 | 0.82 | −1.76 to 2.21 |
| Deliberative | −1.60 | 0.02 | −2.94 to −0.27 |
*All models adjusted for age ≥65 years, population female, GDP per capita and UHC Index.
GDP, gross domestic product; UHC, Universal Health Coverage; V-DEM, Varieties of Democracy.