Association between immigrant/occupation intersection and COVID-19 outcomes among individuals aged 20–65 years and employed or self-employed
| Occupational groups |
HR (95% CI) for workers in essential occupations within strata of immigrant status |
P value for multiplicative interaction | ||
| Non-essential occupations | Essential occupations | |||
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |||
| COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||
| Swedish-born | 1 | 1.44 (1.40 to 1.49) P≤0.001 | 1.45 (1.41 to 1.50) P≤0.001 | 0.973 |
| Foreign-born | 1.28 (1.23 to 1.33) P≤0.001 | 1.85 (1.78 to 1.93) P≤0.001 | 1.42 (1.35 to 1.50) P≤0.001 | |
| HR (95% CI) for foreign-born within strata of occupation | 1.26 (1.21 to 1.31) P≤0.001 | 1.32 (1.26 to 1.38) P≤0.001 | ||
| Measures of interaction on addictive scale: | ||||
| RERI (95% CI), 0.12 (0.04 to 0.21); p=0.005 | ||||
| AP (95% CI), 0.07 (0.02 to 0.11); p=0.003 | ||||
| SI (95% CI), 1.17 (1.05 to 1.31); p=0.005 | ||||
| COVID-19 hospitalisation | ||||
| Swedish-born | 1 | 1.30 (1.08 to 1.56) P=0.006 | 1.24 (1.02 to 1.50) P=0.026 | 0.445 |
| Foreign-born | 2.64 (2.24 to 3.11) P≤0.001 | 3.80 (3.17 to 4.55) P≤0.001 | 1.47 (1.21 to 1.80) P≤0.001 | |
| HR (95% CI) for foreign-born within strata of occupation | 2.54 (2.15 to 3.00) P≤0.001 | 3.06 (2.44 to 3.82) P≤0.001 | ||
| Measures of interaction on addictive scale: | ||||
| RERI (95% CI), 0.86 (0.19 to 1.53); p=0.011 | ||||
| AP (95% CI), 0.23 (0.07 to 0.38); p=0.003 | ||||
| SI (95% CI), 1.45 (1.09 to 1.92); p=0.011 | ||||
| COVID-19 ICU admissions* | ||||
| Swedish-born | 1 | 1.46 (0.90 to 2.38) P=0.122 | 0.940 | |
| Foreign-born | 2.56 (1.66 to 3.95) P≤0.001 | 3.79 (2.33 to 6.14) P≤0.001 | ||
| Measures of interaction on addictive scale: | ||||
| RERI (95% CI), 0.76 (–1.07 to 2.59); p=416 | ||||
| AP (95% CI), 0.20 (–0.22 to 0.62); p=0.353 | ||||
| SI (95% CI), 1.37 (0.64 to 2.93); p=0.411 | ||||
HR and 95% CI obtained from COX proportional hazards regression.
HR adjusted for age, gender, marital status, healthcare region, education, income and pre-existing comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, stroke, asthma, COPD, pneumonia and psychiatric condition).
*HR (95%CI) for foreign-born within strata of occupation and HR (95% CI) for workers in essential occupations within strata of immigrant status could not be estimated due to few ICU events in each stratum.
AP, attributable proportion due to interaction; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit; RERI, relative excess risk due to interaction; SI, Synergy Index.