Table 2

Percentage of children aged 36–59 months who are delayed developmentally for indicated domains (weighted percentage and n=unweighted)

Characteristics	Number of children (unweighted)	ECDI %	P value	Literacy–numeracy %	P value	Physical %	P value	Socioemotional %	P value	Learning %	P value
Total	9395 (100)	25.3	–	71.1	–	1.4	–	27.2	–	8.6	–
Child sex
Boy	4849	28.5	<0.001	72.5	0.007	1.4	0.888	30.9	<0.001	9.0	0.168
Girl	4546	21.6	<0.001	69.7	0.007	1.4	0.888	23.1	<0.001	8.1	0.168
Child age in months
36–47 months	4777	31.3	<0.001	83.6	<0.001	1.6	0.062	29.0	0.0003	10.3	<0.001
48–59 months	4618	18.8	<0.001	58.2	<0.001	1.1	0.062	25.2	0.0003	6.7	<0.001
Child size
Larger than average	137	22.2	0.326	64.2	0.091	0.8	0.183	29.3	0.453	5.4	0.154
Average	1086	28.5		71.7		0.8		31.8		10.7
Smaller than average	255	25.6		75.8		2.2		27.5		8.9
Child nutritional status (stunting)
No	6860	23.5	<0.001	67.5	<0.001	1.3	0.191	26.8	0.289	7.7	<0.001
Yes	2534	29.7	<0.001	81.3	<0.001	1.7	0.191	28.0	0.289	10.8	<0.001
Iodine
Yes	6957	24.0	<0.001	68.6	<0.001	1.3	0.168	26.8	0.311	8.6	0.965
No	2436	28.9	<0.001	79.0	<0.001	1.7	0.168	28.1	0.311	8.5	0.965
Ever attended ECE
No	7624	27.9	<0.001	78.6	<0.001	1.4	0.388	27.3	0.372	9.5	<0.001
Yes	1771	14.1	<0.001	40.4	<0.001	1.1	0.388	26.1	0.372	4.6	<0.001
Caregiver’s stimulation
None	999	29.5	0.001	88.3	<0.001	2.1	<0.001	23.6	0.076	10	0.241
Poor	1908	27.4		79.5		2.5		27.4		8.1
Sufficient	6488	24.0		66.5		0.9		27.6		8.4
Maternal age
15–19 years	224	31.1	0.059	80.7	0.0001	1.5	0.796	30.9	0.476	11.3	0.193
20–24 years	2496	24.7		69.1		1.4		28.0		7.8
25–29 years	2754	24.3		70.4		1.4		26.2		8.3
30–34 years	2132	25.1		69.9		1.1		27.0		8.7
35–39 years	1130	25.7		73.9		1.4		26.5		8.7
40–49 years	469	30.6		79.2		0.8		29.8		11.1
Maternal education
None/pre- primary	1246	31.5	<0.001	85.2	<0.001	2.2	0.007	27.8	0.134	12.5	<0.001
Primary	2325	30.6		80.4		1.8		28.4		10.4
Secondary	4553	23.2		68.1		1.0		27.1		7.2
Higher secondary+	1291	17.0		53.3		1.3		24.4		6.1
Paternal education
None/pre- primary	1847	30.7	<0.001	83.2	<0.001	2.0	0.011	27.5	0.003	11.9	<0.001
Primary	2593	29.4		76.3		1.5		30.1		8.8
Secondary	2420	22.7		66.9		0.8		26.6		7.4
Higher secondary+	1238	16.0		54.2		1.0		23.7		5.2
Household wealth quintiles
Poorest	1879	30.3	<0.001	83.5	<0.001	1.8	0.196	27.0	0.0002	11.3	<0.001
Poorer	1879	30.1		78.7		1.6		28.5		10.5
Middle	1879	26.9		72.6		1.6		30.0		9.1
Richer	1879	23.8		67.7		1.2		27.9		6.9
Richest	1879	17.2		57.8		0.9		22.9		6.0
Region
Barisal	823	32.1	<0.001	69.3	<0.001	0.8	<0.001	35.3	<0.001	11.3	<0.001
Chattrogram	1967	21.8		68.0		1.3		27.7		9.0
Dhaka	1802	18.3		68.1		1.2		18.1		6.4
Khulna	1309	26.9		72.2		0.6		32.3		5.9
Mymensingh	563	39.0		69.7		4.4		42.1		8,6
Rajshahi	1030	30.4		76.2		1.1		30.0		7.6
Rangpur	1108	16.4		74.2		1.8		17.3		6.5
Sylhet	793	38.1		78.6		0.7		33.6		19.2
Urbanicity
Urban	1746	21.8	0.002	65.2	<0.001	1.1	0.303	25.6	0.182	7.4	0.124
Rural	7649	26.1	0.002	72.7	<0.001	1.5	0.303	27.5	0.182	8.8	0.124
Season
Winter	5085	25.4	0.640	70.5	0.144	1.3	0.590	27.3	0.694	8.8	0.503
Summer	4310	24.9	0.640	72.2	0.144	1.5	0.590	26.8	0.694	8.3	0.503
Types of cooking fuels
Clean fuels	1326	16.3	<0.001	60.0	<0.001	1.0	0.253	22.8	0.001	4.7	<0.001
Solid fuels	8069	27.2	<0.001	73.8	<0.001	1.5	0.253	28.1	0.001	9.4	<0.001
Cooking place
Indoor	3257	23.8	0.020	67.3	<0.001	1.3	0.797	25.8	0.207	8.9	0.440
Separate room	3582	24.7		71.3		1.5		28.2		8.0
Outdoor	2556	27.5		75.7		1.4		27.2		8.8
Technologies/cookstoves for cooking
Clean fuel stove	1326	16.3	<0.001	60.0	<0.001	1.0	0.253	22.8	0.001	4.7	<0.001
Solid fuel stove	8069	27.2	<0.001	73.8	<0.001	1.5	0.253	28.1	0.001	9.4	<0.001
Levels of exposure to HAP
Unexposed	1326	16.3	<0.001	60.0	<0.001	1.0	0.476	22.8	0.001	4.7	<0.001
Moderately exposed	6017	26.8		73.8		1.4		28.62		8.5
Highly exposed	2052	28.7		73.6		1.6		26.3		12.5

ECE, early childhood education; HAP, household air pollution.