% (95% CI)* | OR (95% CI)† | p value | |
Seropositive | |||
Education | |||
Low | 1.80 (1.19 to 2.71) | 2.32 (1.18 to 4.53) | 0.014 |
Middle | 0.98 (0.67 to 1.43) | 1.20 (0.69 to 2.08) | 0.527 |
High | 1.01 (0.69 to 1.50) | Ref. | |
Income | |||
<60% of median | 2.04 (1.12 to 3.70) | 1.56 (0.77 to 3.17) | 0.220 |
60%−<150% of median | 1.20 (0.87 to 1.66) | 1.02 (0.58 to 1.79) | 0.945 |
≥150% of median | 1.02 (0.69 to 1.52) | Ref. | |
Seropositive/PCR positive | |||
Education | |||
Low | 2.05 (1.37 to 3.07) | 2.03 (1.10 to 3.75) | 0.024 |
Middle | 1.46 (1.04 to 2.05) | 1.45 (0.89 to 2.37) | 0.140 |
High | 1.21 (0.85 to 1.72) | Ref. | |
Income | |||
<60% of median | 2.69 (1.29 to 5.51) | 1.58 (0.77 to 3.26) | 0.213 |
60%−<150% of median | 1.53 (1.15 to 2.04) | 1.09 (0.65 to 1.82) | 0.746 |
≥150% of median | 1.18 (0.82 to 1.70) | Ref. | |
Previously tested positive ‡ | |||
Education | |||
Low | 1.39 (0.82 to 2.35) | 1.68 (0.76 to 3.69) | 0.197 |
Middle | 0.84 (0.54 to 1.29) | 0.87 (0.43 to 1.76) | 0.694 |
High | 1.17 (0.74 to 1.86) | Ref. | |
Income | |||
<60% of median | 1.99 (0.94 to 4.17) | 1.42 (0.61 to 3.30) | 0.418 |
60%−<150% of median | 0.98 (0.68 to 1.42) | 0.82 (0.40 to 1.69) | 0.596 |
≥150% of median | 1.06 (0.59 to 1.88) | Ref. | |
Seropositive/PCR positive or previously tested positive | |||
Education | |||
Low | 2.44 (1.71 to 3.48) | 1.87 (1.06 to 3.29) | 0.029 |
Middle | 1.78 (1.31 to 2.42) | 1.29 (0.78 to 2.14) | 0.315 |
High | 1.68 (1.18 to 2.39) | Ref. | |
Income | |||
<60% of median | 3.64 (2.10 to 6.24) | 1.65 (0.89 to 3.05) | 0.112 |
60%−<150% of median | 1.81 (1.39 to 2.33) | 0.95 (0.57 to 1.56) | 0.827 |
≥150% of median | 1.63 (1.09 to 2.43) | Ref. | |
Undetected infection | |||
Education | |||
Low | 1.00 (0.60 to 1.66) | 2.17 (0.90 to 5.25) | 0.085 |
Middle | 0.91 (0.58 to 1.43) | 2.27 (1.03 to 5.00) | 0.042 |
High | 0.51 (0.29 to 0.89) | Ref. | |
Income | |||
<60% of median | 1.56 (0.75 to 3.24) | 1.77 (0.81 to 3.83) | 0.150 |
60%−<150% of median | 0.77 (0.52 to 1.13) | 1.03 (0.54 to 1.96) | 0.855 |
≥150% of median | 0.64 (0.41 to 1.00) | Ref. |
*Prevalence (weighted).
†Adjusted for age, sex, household size, migrant background, urban–rural residence, region (east/west), date of participation and dummies for missing values (separate models for education and income).
‡Self-reported positive throat swab test before study participation.
Ref, reference group.