Baseline characteristics of the study sample (N=2286)
| Total sample | |||
| Age (years) | 68.9 | (1.4) | |
| Sex | Male | 919 | (40.2) |
| Female | 1367 | (59.8) | |
| Education | Basic compulsory | 451 | (19.9) |
| Apprenticeship | 921 | (40.4) | |
| Postcompulsory schooling | 905 | (39.7) | |
| Living arrangement | With others | 1440 | (63.2) |
| Alone | 840 | (36.8) | |
| Social engagement | No | 992 | (43.4) |
| Yes | 1292 | (56.6) | |
| Smoking | Never smoker | 976 | (42.9) |
| Former smoker | 898 | (39.5) | |
| Current smoker | 399 | (17.6) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | <30 | 1669 | (76.9) |
| ≥30 | 501 | (23.1) | |
| Self-rated health | Very good, good | 1713 | (75) |
| Average, poor or very poor | 572 | (25) | |
| Chronic conditions | 0 | 598 | (26.2) |
| 1 | 861 | (37.7) | |
| 2 | 519 | (22.8) | |
| 3+ | 303 | (13.3) | |
| Cognitive complaints | No | 1891 | (83.7) |
| Yes | 368 | (16.3) | |
| Depressive feelings | No | 1729 | (76.7) |
| Yes | 526 | (23.3) | |
| Frailty phenotype | Non-frail | 1657 | (72.5) |
| Prefrail | 578 | (25.3) | |
| Frail | 51 | (2.2) | |
| Frailty criterion | |||
| Unintentional weight loss | No | 2062 | (90.3) |
| Yes | 222 | (9.7) | |
| Self-reported exhaustion | No | 2172 | (95.1) |
| Yes | 112 | (4.9) | |
| Low physical activity | No | 2088 | (92.6) |
| Yes | 168 | (7.4) | |
| Muscular weakness | No | 1899 | (87.4) |
| Yes | 273 | (12.6) | |
| Slow walking speed | No | 2122 | (97.7) |
| Yes | 50 | (2.3) | |
Mean (SD) or n (%).