Association between occupation and COVID-19 outcomes among individuals aged 20–65 years and employed or self-employed
| Unadjusted model | Model I† | Model II‡ | Model III§ | |
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||
| Broad occupational groups | ||||
| Non-essential workers | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Essential workers | 1.50 (1.46 to 1.53) | 1.42 (1.39 to 1.46) | 1.44 (1.41 to 1.48) | 1.44 (1.41 to 1.48) |
| Specific occupational groups | ||||
| Non-essential workers | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Healthcare workers | 2.00 (1.94 to 2.07) | 1.93 (1.87 to 2.00) | 1.92 (1.86 to 1.99) | 1.92 (1.85 to 1.99) |
| Teachers | 1.46 (1.40 to 1.51) | 1.41 (1.36 to 1.47) | 1.44 (1.38 to 1.50) | 1.44 (1.38 to 1.50) |
| Service sector workers | 1.13 (1.08 to 1.19) | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.14) | 1.10 (1.05 to 1.15) | 1.10 (1.05 to 1.15) |
| Other essential workers* | 1.13 (1.07 to 1.20) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.15) | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.15) |
| COVID-19 hospitalisation | ||||
| Broad occupational groups | ||||
| Non-essential workers | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Essential workers | 1.35 (1.19 to 1.53) | 1.43 (1.25 to 1.63) | 1.36 (1.19 to 1.57) | 1.36 (1.19 to 1.56) |
| Specific occupational groups | ||||
| Non-essential workers | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Healthcare workers | 1.64 (1.37 to 1.96) | 1.74 (1.44 to 2.11) | 1.74 (1.43 to 2.11) | 1.70 (1.41 to 2.06) |
| Teachers | 1.00 (0.80 to 1.27) | 1.20 (0.95 to 1.52) | 1.18 (0.93 to 1.50) | 1.19 (0.94 to 1.52) |
| Service sector workers | 0.85 (0.65 to 1.11) | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.41) | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.28) | 0.98 (0.74 to 1.30) |
| Other essential workers* | 2.28 (1.83 to 2.84) | 1.60 (1.28 to 2.00) | 1.46 (1.16 to 1.84) | 1.45 (1.15 to 1.82) |
| COVID-19 ICU admissions | ||||
| Broad occupational groups | ||||
| Non-essential workers | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Essential workers | 1.24 (0.89 to 1.75) | 1.62 (1.33 to 2.32) | 1.49 (1.03 to 2.14) | 1.47 (1.02 to 2.11) |
| Specific occupational groups | ||||
| Non-essential workers | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Healthcare workers | 1.33 (0.80 to 2.23) | 1.82 (1.06 to 3.15) | 1.86 (1.07 to 3.23) | 1.80 (1.04 to 3.12) |
| Teachers | 0.69 (0.33 to 1.41) | 1.07 (0.51 to 2.23) | 1.06 (0.50 to 2.23) | 1.06 (0.50 to 2.24) |
| Service sector workers | 0.60 (0.26 to 1.36) | 1.00 (0.44 to 2.30) | 0.82 (0.36 to 1.90) | 0.82 (0.36 to 1.91) |
| Other essential workers* | 3.29 (2.01 to 5.37) | 2.34 (1.41 to 3.88) | 1.98 (1.19 to 3.30) | 1.94 (1.16 to 3.23) |
HR and 95% CI obtained from COX proportional hazards regression.
*Other essential workers comprised police and security services, postal workers and delivery, taxi, bus and tram drivers and cleaners.
†Adjusted for age, gender, marital status, immigrant status and healthcare region.
‡Model I+education and income.
§Model II+pre-existing comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, stroke, asthma, COPD, pneumonia and psychiatric conditions).
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.