Adjusted association estimates of antibiotic-resistant from case–control reports
| Infection site | Author | Antibiotic | Bacteria | Measure of association | Adjustment |
| Urinary tract infection | Vinken et al 15 | Nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim; fosfomycin; ciprofloxacin; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol | Escherichia coli; Enterococcus spp; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Proteus mirabilis; Klebsiella oxytoca; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and others 32 species | OR: 0.90 (0.40 to 1.80) | Age; hospital admission in preceding 12 months; elderly home resident; use of antibiotics in preceding 12 months; urinary tract infection in preceding 12 months; micturition complaints in preceding 6 weeks |
| Colodner et al 43 | Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases | Escherichia coli or Klebsiella | OR: 2.57 (1.20 to 5.51) | Age; Escherichia coli infection; infection; duration of antibiotic treatment; hospitalisation in the last 3 months; gender; age more than 60; underlying diseases (cardiovascular; gastrointestinal; genitourinary; recurrent urinary tract infection; neurological; malignancies) | |
| Wright et al 75 | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Coliform (Escherichia coli; Proteus mirabilis; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Enterobacter species; Citrobacter freundi; Providencia species and Morganella morganii) | OR: 3.10 (1.20 to 8.40) | Age; use of catheter; history of recurrent urinary tract infection; urological abnormality; neurological abnormality; recently in hospital; current antibiotic; current trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use | |
| Park et al 45 | Amikacin; gentamicin; tobramycin; ciprofloxacin; levofloxacin; amoxicillun-clavulanate; piperacillin-tazobactam; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; fluoroquinolones; aminoglycosides | Escherichia coli | OR: 1.69 (0.78 to 3.44) | Age >55; sex; urinary tract abnormalities; acute pyelonephritis recurrence and antibiotic use within the previous year | |
| Anesi et al 66 | Extended-spectrum cephalosporin | Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli (76%); Klebsiella species (13%) and Enterobacter species (9%) | OR: 2.91 (1.32 to 6.41) | Age; presentation to emergency department; trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole; receipt within prior 6 months | |
| Søraas et al 49 | Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (mecillinam; macrolides; tetracyclines; fluoroquinolones; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; b-lactams except mecillinam; methenamine hippurate | Escherichia coli or Klebsiella | OR: 3.20 (1.00 to 11.00) | Travel destinations; recreational swimming past year; fish meals per week; dinner at restaurant >2/month; close occupational contact with humans; bath or shower <2/week; digestive problems | |
| Respiratory tract infection | Kim et al 46 | Carbapenems (meropenem; imipenem) | Gram-negative bacteria or Stenotrophomonas maltophili | OR: 2.82 (1.25 to 6.38) | Neurological disease; Macabe and Jackson classification; ventilator-associated pneumonia; APACHE II; radiological score; prior antibiotic usage |