Descriptive statistics
| n=44 324 | |
| Dependent variable | |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | 3.68 (4.72) |
| Explanatory variables—individual level | |
| Economic variables | |
| Wealth quartile 1 (poorest) | 10 934 (24.67%) |
| Wealth quartile 2 | 11 084 (25.01%) |
| Wealth quartile 3 | 11 143 (25.14%) |
| Wealth quartile 4 (richest) | 11 163 (25.19%) |
| Relative deprivation | 0.88 (0.94) |
| Relative affluence | 0.93 (0.87) |
| Sociodemographic variables | |
| Household size | 3.87 (1.85) |
| Female | 25 379 (57.26%) |
| Age | 43.47 (15.85) |
| Married | 22 582 (50.95%) |
| No education/primary | 20 348 (45.91%) |
| Secondary | 12 489 (28.18%) |
| Postsecondary | 11 487 (25.92%) |
| Employed | 23 305 (52.58%) |
| Not employed | 1847 (4.17%) |
| Retired | 1589 (3.58%) |
| Student | 827 (1.87%) |
| Housework | 15 638 (35.28%) |
| Other activity | 1118 (2.52%) |
| Social programme | 9655 (21.78%) |
| Health variables | |
| Chronic health problem | 5575 (12.58%) |
| Victim of violence | 923 (2.08%) |
| Limitations in activities | 0.17 (0.50%) |
| Does not drink | 21 947 (49.51%) |
| Drinks yearly | 10 764 (24.28%) |
| Drinks monthly | 7213 (16.27%) |
| Drinks weekly/daily | 4400 (9.93%) |
| Health insurance | 35 401 (79.87%) |
| Explanatory variables—aggregate level | |
| State wealth | 6.32 (1.09) |
| State Gini | 0.18 (0.05) |
| State hospitals/population | 0.024 (0.010) |
| Municipal wealth | 6.70 (1.33) |
| Municipal Gini | 0.14 (0.05) |
| Municipal hospitals/population | 0.026 (0.024) |
Source: Own calculations with data from ENSANUT 2012.
Data are n (%) or mean (SD).
CES-D, Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.