Adjusted association estimates of antibiotic-resistant from cross-sectional and cohort reports
| Infection site | Author | Antibiotic | Measure of association | Adjustment |
| Urinary tract infection | Chen et al 76 | Cefazolin | OR: 2.32 (1.32 to 4.07) | Sex |
| Chiu et al 77 | Cefazolin | OR: 4.17 (2.0 to 9.09) | Age 65 years; male gender; residents of healthcare facility; benign prostate hypertrophy; urinary tract infection within 1 years; NG tube; dysuria; frequency/urgency; temperature ≥38.3°C | |
| Ho et al 53 | Amoxicilin-clavunate | OR: 2.54 (1.09 to 5.88) | Gender; genitourinary abnormalities; antibiotic given and susceptibility (vs no antibiotic): given amoxicillin-clavulanate; susceptible; given other antibiotic; susceptible | |
| Wu et al 30 | Levofloxacin | OR: 3.80 (1.50 to 9.90) | Age; gender; recurrent urinary tract infection; prior hospitalisation in the past 6 months; prior antibiotic in the past 60 days; urinary function abnormality; indwelling urinary catheter; old stroke; altered consciousness; urinary symptoms; chills; fever; haematuria | |
| Respiratory tract infection | Madaras-Kelly et al 64 | Non-pseudomonal third generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone or cefotaxime) or non-pseudomonal 8-methoxy fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin; gatifloxacin); the VA preferred agents for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia | OR: 2.20 (1.20 to 4.30) | Nursing home residence or discharge ≤180 days prior to admission; positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus status prior to admission; anti-pseudomonal fluoroquinolone exposure ≤365 days prior to admission; third generation cephalosporin exposure ≤365 days prior to admission; chronic inhaled corticosteroids |
| Madaras-Kelly et al 64 | Non-pseudomonal third generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone or cefotaxime) or non-pseudomonal 8-methoxy fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin; gatifloxacin); the Veterans Affairs preferred agents for treatment of CAP | OR: 1.70 (1.00 to 2.80) | Nursing home residence or discharge ≤180 days prior to admission; positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus status prior to admission; cephalosporin exposure ≤365 days prior to admission; infusion therapy ≤30 days prior to admission; direct intense care unit admission on hospitalisation | |
| Micek et al 37 | Aminoglycosides; antipseudomonal carbapenems; antipseudomonal cephalosporins; antipseudomonal fluoroquinolones; antipseudomonal penicillins plus β-lactamase inhibitors; monobactams; phosphonic acids and polymixins | OR: 1.90 (1.21 to 3.00) | Age; sex; residence in a community settings prior admission; residence in an inpatient rehabilitation facility prior to admission; antibiotics in the previous 30 days; COPD; solid tumour; dementia; intense care unit admission | |
| Complicated skin and skin structure infections | Jääskeläinen et al 34 | Carbapenem; piperacillin-tazobactam | OR: 1.67 (0.96 to 2.91) | Age; chronic renal failure; respiratory disease; injection drug abuse; abscess; cellulitis/fasciitis; number of days between symptoms start and diagnosis |
| Jääskeläinen et al 34 | Cefadroxil; cefotaxim; ceftriaxone; cefuroxime; cephalexin | OR: 1.07 (0.69 to 1.64) | Age; chronic renal failure; respiratory disease; injection drug abuse; abscess; cellulitis/fasciitis; number of days between symptoms start and diagnosis | |
| Jääskeläinen et al 34 | Amoxicillin; benzylpenicillin; phenoxymethylpenicillin | OR: 0.94 (0.46 to 1.91) | Age; chronic renal failure; respiratory disease; injection drug abuse; abscess; cellulitis/fasciitis; number of days between symptoms start and diagnosis | |
| Jääskeläinen et al 34 | Clindamycin; doxycyclin; fluoroquinolone; fusidic acid; linezolid; metronidazole; cotrimoxazole; tobramycin; vancomycin | OR: 0.79 (0.38 to 1.64) | Age; chronic renal failure; respiratory disease; injection drug abuse; abscess; cellulitis/fasciitis; number of days between symptoms start and diagnosis | |
| Jääskeläinen et al 34 | Cloxacillin; flucloxacillin; other β-lactamase-stable penicillins | OR: 0.50 (0.24 to 1.08) | Age; chronic renal failure; respiratory disease; injection drug abuse; abscess; cellulitis/fasciitis; number of days between symptoms start and diagnosis |
For an expanded version of this table (ie, containing more details about the bacteria included in each original report) refer to online supplemental table 8.
CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.