Descriptive characteristics of first-time fathers of singleton children born from 1992 to 1997, Sweden (n=198 589)
| Swedish-born fathers (n=165 721) | Migrant fathers (n=32 868) | |||
| Children’s birth year | 1992–1994 | 1995–1997 | 1992–1994 | 1995–1997 |
| Fathers’ characteristics | ||||
| Age* (mean) | 29.08 | 29.66 | 31.09 | 31.45 |
| Education† (%) | ||||
| Low | 13.15 | 11.61 | 24.35 | 22.30 |
| Medium | 68.77 | 69.75 | 50.14 | 49.28 |
| High | 18.08 | 18.63 | 25.51 | 28.42 |
| Unemployed‡ (% no annual labour income) | 4.27 | 5.26 | 30.26 | 40.70 |
| Annual labour income‡ (mean; in thousands, SEK) | 161.96 | 180.51 | 115.40 | 126.16 |
| Parental leave use (% receiving parental leave benefits, 0–36 months after birth) | 64.67 | 83.02 | 37.84 | 50.24 |
| Migrant fathers’ characteristics | ||||
| Region of origin*,§ (%) | ||||
| OECD-predominant | 51.36 | 52.94 | ||
| Non-OECD-predominant | 48.64 | 47.06 | ||
| Duration of residence*,¶ (%) | ||||
| <5 years | 37.99 | 33.20 | ||
| ≥5 years | 38.22 | 39.48 | ||
| Other (ie, multiple migrations) | 23.80 | 27.32 | ||
| Partners’ nativity* (%) | ||||
| Swedish-born | 33.94 | 30.46 | ||
| Migrant (foreign-born) | 66.06 | 69.54 | ||
| Fathers’ psychiatric health | ||||
| Pre-birth hospitalisations (% hospitalised, 0–24 months before birth) | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.40 |
| Post-birth hospitalisations (per 1000 person-years, 0–36 months after birth) | 2.85 | 2.50 | 5.17 | 3.10 |
*Measured in child’s birth year.
†First recorded education within the follow-up period; missing values entered with multiple imputation.
‡Measured in the calendar year prior to childbirth.
§OECD-predominant regions consist of Europe, North America and Oceania. Non-OECD-predominant regions are defined as regions with predominantly non-OECD countries, including Africa, Asia, South America and stateless/unspecified origins.
¶Calculated only for first-time migrants to Sweden.
OECD, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; SEK, Swedish kronor.