Table 1

Characteristics of sample population by domain for the full sample and separately by sex

DomainVariablePooled sampleFemalesMales
n (% in each category)% Depressedχ2 P valuen (% in each category)% Depressedχ2 P valuen (% in each category)% Depressedχ2 P value
DemographicTotal2458 (100)291136 (100)271322 (100)30
Sex0.088
 Female1136 (46)27
 Male1322 (54)30
Age in years<0.0010.0020.142
 14502 (20)22270 (24)19232 (18)25
 15498 (20)26250 (22)26248 (19)27
 16456 (19)30200 (18)29256 (19)31
 17469 (19)33190 (17)32279 (21)33
 18296 (12)30119 (10)29177 (13)31
 19237 (10)38107 (9)38130 (10)37
Five or more household members0.0130.0730.075
 No1121 (46)26505 (44)25616 (47)28
 Yes1337 (54)31631 (56)29706 (53)32
Female-headed household0.5500.5480.182
 No840 (34)30387 (34)26453 (34)33
 Yes1618 (66)28749 (66)28869 (66)29
Region<0.0010.306<0.001
 Mbeya1171 (48)23538 (47)29633 (48)18
 Iringa1287 (52)34598 (53)26689 (52)42
EconomicWealth level of household0.3870.1980.381
 Richest818 (33)29383 (34)25435 (33)32
 Middle819 (33)31397 (35)30422 (32)31
 Poorest819 (33)27355 (31)27464 (35)28
Number of economic shocks (past year)<0.001<0.0010.010
 0626 (25)27291 (26)27335 (25)27
 1666 (27)29309 (27)27357 (27)31
 2498 (20)26226 (20)21272 (21)30
 3299 (12)24134 (12)24165 (12)25
 4163 (7)2973 (6)1590 (7)40
 5+206 (8)48103 (9)53103 (8)42
Youth owns a cell phone0.0280.0010.915
 No1946 (79)28938 (83)251008 (76)30
 Yes512 (21)33198 (17)36314 (24)31
Neighbourhood/ environmentalAccess to services level0.4000.5000.513
 High884 (36)29412 (36)26472 (36)31
 Middle802 (33)30374 (33)29428 (32)31
 Low772 (31)27350 (31)26422 (32)28
Drought/flood (past year)<0.0010.296<0.001
 No1662 (68)26784 (69)26878 (66)26
 Yes796 (32)35352 (31)29444 (34)40
Livestock/crop disease (past year)0.3660.6070.484
 No1423 (58)28672 (59)27751 (57)30
 Yes1035 (42)30464 (41)28571 (43)31
Social and culturalEducation/employment<0.001<0.0010.037
 Attending school/training1254 (51)24662 (58)21592 (45)26
 Engaged in paid work300 (12)35%64 (6)36236 (18)35
 In school/training and paid work85 (3)3226 (2)2759 (4)34
 Not in education, employment, or training819 (33)34384 (34)36435 (33)33
Has a spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend<0.001<0.0010.002
 No2023 (82)26834 (73)221189 (90)29
 Yes435 (18)42302 (27)42133 (10)42
Social support<0.001<0.0010.001
 High951 (39)22353 (31)16598 (45)25
 Moderate790 (32)30368 (32)27422 (32)33
 Low717 (29)37415 (37)36302 (23)37
Attends weekly religious ceremony*0.3380.2780.963
 No992 (47)30374 (39)29618 (54)30
 Yes1113 (53)28582 (61)26531 (46)30
Number of adverse childhood experiences*0.8300.2960.981
 0–1399 (20)27161 (19)22238 (22)31
 2549 (28)30246 (29)28303 (28)31
 3402 (21)28172 (20)26230 (21)29
 4284 (15)30135 (16)30149 (14)30
 5+314 (16)31144 (17)33170 (16)29
  • Depression is defined using a cut-off of 10 or higher on the 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.

  • *Total N differs due to attrition. Data come from wave 2 for these indicators.