Domain | Variable | Pooled sample | Females | Males | ||||||
n (% in each category) | % Depressed | χ2 P value | n (% in each category) | % Depressed | χ2 P value | n (% in each category) | % Depressed | χ2 P value | ||
Demographic | Total | 2458 (100) | 29 | 1136 (100) | 27 | 1322 (100) | 30 | |||
Sex | 0.088 | |||||||||
Female | 1136 (46) | 27 | – | – | – | – | ||||
Male | 1322 (54) | 30 | – | – | – | – | ||||
Age in years | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.142 | |||||||
14 | 502 (20) | 22 | 270 (24) | 19 | 232 (18) | 25 | ||||
15 | 498 (20) | 26 | 250 (22) | 26 | 248 (19) | 27 | ||||
16 | 456 (19) | 30 | 200 (18) | 29 | 256 (19) | 31 | ||||
17 | 469 (19) | 33 | 190 (17) | 32 | 279 (21) | 33 | ||||
18 | 296 (12) | 30 | 119 (10) | 29 | 177 (13) | 31 | ||||
19 | 237 (10) | 38 | 107 (9) | 38 | 130 (10) | 37 | ||||
Five or more household members | 0.013 | 0.073 | 0.075 | |||||||
No | 1121 (46) | 26 | 505 (44) | 25 | 616 (47) | 28 | ||||
Yes | 1337 (54) | 31 | 631 (56) | 29 | 706 (53) | 32 | ||||
Female-headed household | 0.550 | 0.548 | 0.182 | |||||||
No | 840 (34) | 30 | 387 (34) | 26 | 453 (34) | 33 | ||||
Yes | 1618 (66) | 28 | 749 (66) | 28 | 869 (66) | 29 | ||||
Region | <0.001 | 0.306 | <0.001 | |||||||
Mbeya | 1171 (48) | 23 | 538 (47) | 29 | 633 (48) | 18 | ||||
Iringa | 1287 (52) | 34 | 598 (53) | 26 | 689 (52) | 42 | ||||
Economic | Wealth level of household | 0.387 | 0.198 | 0.381 | ||||||
Richest | 818 (33) | 29 | 383 (34) | 25 | 435 (33) | 32 | ||||
Middle | 819 (33) | 31 | 397 (35) | 30 | 422 (32) | 31 | ||||
Poorest | 819 (33) | 27 | 355 (31) | 27 | 464 (35) | 28 | ||||
Number of economic shocks (past year) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.010 | |||||||
0 | 626 (25) | 27 | 291 (26) | 27 | 335 (25) | 27 | ||||
1 | 666 (27) | 29 | 309 (27) | 27 | 357 (27) | 31 | ||||
2 | 498 (20) | 26 | 226 (20) | 21 | 272 (21) | 30 | ||||
3 | 299 (12) | 24 | 134 (12) | 24 | 165 (12) | 25 | ||||
4 | 163 (7) | 29 | 73 (6) | 15 | 90 (7) | 40 | ||||
5+ | 206 (8) | 48 | 103 (9) | 53 | 103 (8) | 42 | ||||
Youth owns a cell phone | 0.028 | 0.001 | 0.915 | |||||||
No | 1946 (79) | 28 | 938 (83) | 25 | 1008 (76) | 30 | ||||
Yes | 512 (21) | 33 | 198 (17) | 36 | 314 (24) | 31 | ||||
Neighbourhood/ environmental | Access to services level | 0.400 | 0.500 | 0.513 | ||||||
High | 884 (36) | 29 | 412 (36) | 26 | 472 (36) | 31 | ||||
Middle | 802 (33) | 30 | 374 (33) | 29 | 428 (32) | 31 | ||||
Low | 772 (31) | 27 | 350 (31) | 26 | 422 (32) | 28 | ||||
Drought/flood (past year) | <0.001 | 0.296 | <0.001 | |||||||
No | 1662 (68) | 26 | 784 (69) | 26 | 878 (66) | 26 | ||||
Yes | 796 (32) | 35 | 352 (31) | 29 | 444 (34) | 40 | ||||
Livestock/crop disease (past year) | 0.366 | 0.607 | 0.484 | |||||||
No | 1423 (58) | 28 | 672 (59) | 27 | 751 (57) | 30 | ||||
Yes | 1035 (42) | 30 | 464 (41) | 28 | 571 (43) | 31 | ||||
Social and cultural | Education/employment | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.037 | ||||||
Attending school/training | 1254 (51) | 24 | 662 (58) | 21 | 592 (45) | 26 | ||||
Engaged in paid work | 300 (12) | 35% | 64 (6) | 36 | 236 (18) | 35 | ||||
In school/training and paid work | 85 (3) | 32 | 26 (2) | 27 | 59 (4) | 34 | ||||
Not in education, employment, or training | 819 (33) | 34 | 384 (34) | 36 | 435 (33) | 33 | ||||
Has a spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |||||||
No | 2023 (82) | 26 | 834 (73) | 22 | 1189 (90) | 29 | ||||
Yes | 435 (18) | 42 | 302 (27) | 42 | 133 (10) | 42 | ||||
Social support | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |||||||
High | 951 (39) | 22 | 353 (31) | 16 | 598 (45) | 25 | ||||
Moderate | 790 (32) | 30 | 368 (32) | 27 | 422 (32) | 33 | ||||
Low | 717 (29) | 37 | 415 (37) | 36 | 302 (23) | 37 | ||||
Attends weekly religious ceremony* | 0.338 | 0.278 | 0.963 | |||||||
No | 992 (47) | 30 | 374 (39) | 29 | 618 (54) | 30 | ||||
Yes | 1113 (53) | 28 | 582 (61) | 26 | 531 (46) | 30 | ||||
Number of adverse childhood experiences* | 0.830 | 0.296 | 0.981 | |||||||
0–1 | 399 (20) | 27 | 161 (19) | 22 | 238 (22) | 31 | ||||
2 | 549 (28) | 30 | 246 (29) | 28 | 303 (28) | 31 | ||||
3 | 402 (21) | 28 | 172 (20) | 26 | 230 (21) | 29 | ||||
4 | 284 (15) | 30 | 135 (16) | 30 | 149 (14) | 30 | ||||
5+ | 314 (16) | 31 | 144 (17) | 33 | 170 (16) | 29 |
Depression is defined using a cut-off of 10 or higher on the 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.
*Total N differs due to attrition. Data come from wave 2 for these indicators.