Table 3

Bivariate associations of psychosocial characteristics and depressive symptoms for the full sample and separately by sex

VariableFull sampleFemalesMales
Mean CES-D10Estimate (95% CI)P valueMean CES-D10Estimate (95% CI)P valueMean CES-D10Estimate (95% CI)P value
Poor self-perceived quality of life
 No6.51Reference category5.86Reference category6.94Reference category
 Yes6.860.81 (0.40 to 1.21)<0.0017.111.39 (0.80 to 1.99)<0.0016.590.29 (−0.25 to 0.84)0.292
Self-esteem
 High6.21Reference category6.30Reference category6.15Reference category
 Moderate6.530.65 (0.18 to 1.13)0.0075.74−0.30 (−1.01 to 0.41)0.4057.331.73 (1.12 to 2.34)<0.001
 Low7.381.43 (0.95 to 1.92)<0.0017.991.82 (1.09 to 2.56)<0.0016.841.20 (0.58 to 1.82)<0.001
Locus of control
 High5.57Reference category5.91Reference category5.31Reference category
 Moderate7.061.52 (1.06 to 1.98)<0.0017.231.31 (0.63 to 2.00)<0.0016.901.33 (0.72 to 1.93)<0.001
 Low7.731.98 (1.52 to 2.44)<0.0016.820.91 (0.22 to 1.61)0.0108.502.24 (1.62 to 2.86)<0.001
  • Reported CES-D10 means are unadjusted. Bivariate regressions tested associations of psychosocial characteristics with depressive symptoms and adjusted for stratification variables. Linear mixed models were used to account for clustering of CES-D10 within and between villages. Random effects are not shown.

  • CES-D10, 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.