Baseline study characteristics of male and female derivation and validation cohorts
| Characteristic* | Male cohort | Female cohort | ||
| Derivation† | Validation‡ | Derivation† | Validation‡ | |
| N | 20 506 | 11 791 | 27 233 | 15 930 |
| Person-years of follow-up | 94 237 | 53 979 | 126 735 | 73 726 |
| Dementia events (5 years) | 2367 | 647 | 4367 | 1067 |
| Deaths (5 years) | 905 | 518 | 1616 | 836 |
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 66.0 (60.0 to 74.0) | 66.0 [60.0 to 74.0) | 68.0 [61.0 to 76.0) | 67.0 (61.0 to 76.0) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 19 145 (93.4) | 10 785 (91.5) | 25 700 (94.4) | 14 765 (92.7) |
| South Asian/Arab/West Asian | 347 (1.7) | 208 (1.8) | 360 (1.3) | 184 (1.2) |
| Japanese/Korean/South East Asian/Filipino | 274 (1.3) | 224 (1.9) | 243 (0.9) | 276 (1.7) |
| Other/multiple origin/unknown | 637 (3.1) | 479 (4.1) | 831 (3.1) | 597 (3.7) |
| Immigrant | ||||
| Yes | 5500 (26.8) | 2926 (24.8) | 6804 (25.0) | 3769 (23.7) |
| No | 14 981 (73.1) | 8818 (74.8) | 20 391 (74.9) | 12 109 (76.0) |
| Education | ||||
| Less than secondary school | 6380 (31.1) | 2792 (23.7) | 9402 (34.5) | 3833 (24.1) |
| Secondary school graduate | 2902 (14.2) | 1840 (15.6) | 5494 (20.2) | 3429 (21.5) |
| Some post-secondary | 1148 (5.6) | 499 (4.2) | 1454 (5.3) | 665 (4.2) |
| Post-secondary graduate | 9847 (48.0) | 6564 (55.7) | 10 636 (39.1) | 7888 (49.5) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Now married/common-law | 14 791 (72.1) | 8316 (70.5) | 13 070 (48.0) | 7873 (49.4) |
| Separated/divorced | 2122 (10.3) | 1358 (11.5) | 3180 (11.7) | 2130 (13.4) |
| Widowed | 2224 (10.8) | 1175 (10.0) | 9642 (35.4) | 4928 (30.9) |
| Single | 1364 (6.7) | 934 (7.9) | 1325 (4.9) | 981 (6.2) |
| Neighbourhood deprivation | ||||
| Low | 4153 (20.3) | 2289 (19.4) | 4720 (17.3) | 2677 (16.8) |
| Moderate | 12 753 (62.2) | 7423 (63.0) | 17 147 (63.0) | 10 160 (63.8) |
| High | 2997 (14.6) | 1705 (14.5) | 4429 (16.3) | 2538 (15.9) |
| Multilingual | ||||
| Yes | 14 018 (68.4) | 1743 (14.8) | 7402 (27.2) | 2103 (13.2) |
| No | 6471 (31.6) | 4054 (34.4) | 19 816 (72.8) | 5741 (36.0) |
| General health | ||||
| Sense of belonging | ||||
| Very strong | 5075 (24.7) | 2766 (23.5) | 7156 (26.3) | 3987 (25.0) |
| Somewhat strong | 8951 (43.7) | 5518 (46.8) | 12 011 (44.1) | 7657 (48.1) |
| Somewhat weak | 3805 (18.6) | 2075 (17.6) | 5083 (18.7) | 2709 (17.0) |
| Very weak | 1628 (7.9) | 859 (7.3) | 2271 (8.3) | 1095 (6.9) |
| Self-perceived stress | ||||
| Not at all stressful | 4871 (23.8) | 2616 (22.2) | 5102 (18.7) | 2616 (16.4) |
| Not very stressful | 6420 (31.3) | 3635 (30.8) | 8554 (31.4) | 4772 (30.0) |
| A bit stressful | 6491 (31.7) | 3867 (32.8) | 9394 (34.5) | 5739 (36.0) |
| Quite a bit stressful | 2154 (10.5) | 1348 (11.4) | 3353 (12.3) | 2279 (14.3) |
| Extremely stressful | 485 (2.4) | 270 (2.3) | 728 (2.7) | 459 (2.9) |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Excellent | 3038 (14.8) | 1692 (14.3) | 4009 (14.7) | 2474 (15.5) |
| Very Good | 6241 (30.4) | 3873 (32.8) | 8467 (31.1) | 5532 (34.7) |
| Good | 6385 (31.1) | 3771 (32.0) | 8469 (31.1) | 4718 (29.6) |
| Poor | 3376 (16.5) | 1752 (14.9) | 4521 (16.6) | 2275 (14.3) |
| Fair | 1442 (7.0) | 685 (5.8) | 1737 (6.4) | 911 (5.7) |
| Health behaviours | ||||
| Smoking | ||||
| Current smoker | 3747 (18.3) | 2527 (21.4) | 11 320 (41.6) | 6396 (40.2) |
| Pack-years, median (IQR) | 40 (23.5 to 55.7) | 36.5 (22 to 52.5) | 28.8 (17.6 to 47) | 27.0 (16.1 to 45.3) |
| Former smoker ≥5 years | 9898 (48.3) | 5340 (45.3) | 7544 (27.7) | 4758 (29.9) |
| Pack-years, median (IQR) | 19.5 (7.2 to 36.8) | 18 (7 to 35) | 11.2 (5 to 27) | 11.0 (5.0 to 26.0) |
| Former smoker <5 years | 1351 (6.6) | 627 (5.3) | 1329 (4.9) | 673 (4.2) |
| Pack-years, median (IQR) | 46.9 (27.6 to 61.3) | 45.5 (24.9 to 59.4) | 34.1 (18 to 53.1) | 33.8 (19.8 to 52.9) |
| Non-smoker | 3305 (16.1) | 1877 (15.9) | 3972 (14.6) | 2244 (14.1) |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Current drinker | 16 364 (79.8) | 9436 (80.0) | 18 729 (68.8) | 11 200 (70.3) |
| Number of drinks last week, median (IQR) | 3 (0 to 8) | 1 (0 to 4) | 3 (0 to 9) | 1 (0 to 4) |
| Former drinker§ | 3532 (17.2) | 2319 (19.7) | 6582 (24.2) | 4682 (29.4) |
| Non-drinker§ | 545 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 1856 (6.8) | 0 (0) |
| Diet | ||||
| Fruit and vegetable consumption, median (IQR) | 4.3 (3.1 to 5.7) | 4.1 (2.8 to 5.5) | 5.0 (3.7 to 6.6) | 4.8 (3.4 to 6.4) |
| Juice consumption, median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.1 to 1.0) | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.0) | 1.0 (0.1 to 1.0) | 0.4 (0.0 to 1.0) |
| Potato consumption, median (IQR) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.9) | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.6) | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.7) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) |
| Leisure physical activity | ||||
| Daily energy expenditure (METs), median (IQR) | 1.5 (0.5 to 3.0) | 1.6 (0.6 to 3.0) | 1.1 (0.3 to 2.3) | 1.2 (0.4 to 2.5) |
| Functional measures | ||||
| Number of activities need help | ||||
| None | 14 272 (69.6) | 10 324 (87.6) | 16 460 (60.4) | 12 364 (77.6) |
| 1 | 816 (4.0) | 642 (5.4) | 2227 (8.2) | 1637 (10.3) |
| 2 | 351 (1.7) | 302 (2.6) | 1143 (4.2) | 827 (5.2) |
| 3 | 246 (1.2) | 192 (1.6) | 688 (2.5) | 474 (3.0) |
| 4 | 166 (0.8) | 128 (1.1) | 380 (1.4) | 285 (1.8) |
| 5 | 143 (0.7) | 92 (0.8) | 242 (0.9) | 180 (1.1) |
| 6 | 112 (0.5) | 87 (0.7) | 151 (0.6) | 131 (0.8) |
| Health conditions | ||||
| Heart disease | ||||
| Yes | 3876 (18.9) | 2133 (18.1) | 4022 (14.8) | 1982 (12.4) |
| No | 16 569 (80.8) | 9613 (81.5) | 23 151 (85.0) | 13 891 (87.2) |
| Stroke | ||||
| Yes | 751 (3.7) | 382 (3.2) | 859 (3.2) | 471 (3.0) |
| No | 19 741 (96.3) | 11 389 (96.6) | 26 351 (96.8) | 15 442 (96.9) |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 3147 (15.3) | 2203 (18.7) | 3142 (11.5) | 2120 (13.3) |
| No | 17 341 (84.6) | 9578 (81.2) | 24 078 (88.4) | 13 793 (86.6) |
| Mood disorder | ||||
| Yes | 832 (4.1) | 754 (6.4) | 1816 (6.7) | 1581 (9.9) |
| No | 15 293 (74.6) | 11 020 (93.5) | 19 489 (71.6) | 14 335 (90.0) |
| High blood pressure | ||||
| Yes | 7509 (36.6) | 5014 (42.5) | 11 533 (42.3) | 7169 (45.0) |
| No | 12 950 (63.2) | 6751 (57.3) | 15 671 (57.5) | 8737 (54.8) |
| COPD | ||||
| Yes | 1432 (7.0) | 774 (6.6) | 2069 (7.6) | 1344 (8.4) |
| No | 17 430 (85.0) | 10 999 (93.3) | 23 035 (84.6) | 14 544 (91.3) |
| Epilepsy | ||||
| Yes | 73 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 112 (0.4) | 0 (0) |
| No | 14 503 (70.7) | 0 (0) | 19 505 (71.6) | 0 (0) |
| Body mass index, median (IQR) | 26.4 (24.2 to 29.2) | 26.9 (24.4 to 29.7) | 25.5 (22.8 to 29.0) | 25.8 (23.0 to 29.6) |
| Design | ||||
| Survey year | ||||
| 2001 | 4370 (21.3) | 5910 (21.7) | ||
| 2003 | 5200 (25.4) | 6932 (25.5) | ||
| 2005 | 5009 (24.4) | 6778 (24.9) | ||
| 2007/2008 | 5927 (28.9) | 7613 (28.0) | ||
| 2009/2010 | 5801 (49.2) | 7848 (49.3) | ||
| 2011/2012 | 5990 (50.8) | 8082 (50.7) | ||
*N and percentage unless otherwise specified; percentages will not sum to 100% due to missingness (see online supplemental table 2).
†Canadian Community Health Survey cycles conducted in 2000/2001, 2003, 2005 and 2007/2008.
‡Canadian Community Health Survey cycles conducted in 2009/2010 and 2011/2012.
§In CCHS 2007/2008, former drinkers can only be differentiated from non-drinkers in an optional module performed in only some regions; in 2009/2010 and 2011/2012, former drinkers cannot be differentiated from non-drinkers pulmonary disorder
CCHS, Canadian Community Health Surveys; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MET, metabolic equivalent of task.