Association between indigenous status and hospitalisation and death among Mexicans with COVID-19, users of MoH care unit. Mexico, 1 March 2020 to 28 February 2021
| Hospitalisation | Death | Early mortality‡ | |
| aOR (robust 95% CI) | |||
| Individual | |||
| Indigenous status | |||
| Non-indigenous | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Indigenous | 1.94*** (1.82 to 2.06) | 1.27*** (1.17 to 1.39) | 1.20** (1.06 to 1.36) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 0.61*** (0.61 to 0.62) | 0.66*** (0.65 to 0.68) | 1.06** (1.01 to 1.11) |
| Age (years) | |||
| 18–35 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 36–50 | 2.16*** (2.11 to 2.22) | 2.71*** (2.56 to 2.88) | 0.85** (0.76 to 0.95) |
| 51–65 | 4.50*** (4.39 to 4.62) | 5.72*** (5.40 to 6.06) | 0.78*** (0.70 to 0.87) |
| >66 | 9.74*** (9.46 to 10.02) | 11.05*** (10.40 to 11.74) | 0.88* (0.79 to 0.98) |
| Self-reported morbidity (No=1) | |||
| Diabetes | 2.11*** (2.07 to 2.16) | 1.29*** (1.25 to 1.33) | 1.20*** (1.15 to 1.25) |
| Obesity | 1.53*** (1.50 to 1.56) | 1.37*** (1.33 to 1.41) | 1.10*** (1.05 to 1.15) |
| Hypertension | 1.26*** (1.24 to 1.29) | 1.16*** (1.12 to 1.19) | 1.07** (1.03 to 1.12) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.20*** (1.14 to 1.27) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.13) | 1.15** (1.04 to 1.27) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2.98*** (2.81 to 3.17) | 1.82*** (1.69 to 1.97) | 1.51*** (1.37 to 1.67) |
| COPD | 1.81*** (1.70 to 1.92) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.10) | 1.21*** (1.08 to 1.35) |
| Asthma | 0.93** (0.88 to 0.98) | 0.91* (0.83 to 1.00) | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.13) |
| Smoking | 0.96* (0.94 to 0.99) | 0.87*** (0.82 to 0.91) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.08) |
| Month of presentation to care | |||
| March to April | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| May | 0.55*** (0.53 to 0.58) | 0.81*** (0.76 to 0.88) | 1.06 (0.96 to 1.18) |
| June | 0.41*** (0.39 to 0.44) | 0.65*** (0.61 to 0.70) | 0.89* (0.80 to 0.98) |
| July | 0.36*** (0.34 to 0.37) | 0.56*** (0.52 to 0.60) | 0.75*** (0.68 to 0.83) |
| August | 0.28*** (0.27 to 0.30) | 0.47*** (0.44 to 0.51) | 0.63*** (0.56 to 0.71) |
| September | 0.25*** (0.24 to 0.26) | 0.41*** (0.38 to 0.44) | 0.54*** (0.47 to 0.61) |
| October | 0.24*** (0.23 to 0.25) | 0.43*** (0.40 to 0.46) | 0.55*** (0.49 to 0.63) |
| November | 0.25*** (0.24 to 0.26) | 0.46*** (0.43 to 0.50) | 0.63*** (0.56 to 0.71) |
| December | 0.38*** (0.36 to 0.40) | 0.55*** (0.51 to 0.59) | 0.64*** (0.57 to 0.71) |
| January | 0.47*** (0.45 to 0.50) | 0.43*** (0.40 to 0.46) | 0.80*** (0.72 to 0.88) |
| 14 February 2021 | 0.53*** (0.50 to 0.56) | 0.19*** (0.17 to 0.21) | 1.24* (1.05 to 1.47) |
| Days from symptom onset to presentation to care | |||
| 0–3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 4–7 | 1.46*** (1.43 to 1.48) | 1.07*** (1.04 to 1.10) | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.04) |
| >8 | 2.74*** (2.68 to 2.80) | 1.13*** (1.09 to 1.17) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.06) |
| Ambulatory/hospitalised setting | |||
| Ambulatory | 1 | 1 | |
| Hospitalisation, ICU admission or mechanical ventilation | 34.11*** (32.94 to 35.31) | 1.51*** (1.42 to 1.61) | |
| Contextual | |||
| Social deprivation* | |||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Middle | 1.11*** (1.08 to 1.14) | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.07) | 1.12** (1.03 to 1.21) |
| High | 1.54*** (1.50 to 1.58) | 0.93** (0.89 to 0.98) | 1.33*** (1.23 to 1.44) |
| Human resources and hospital equipment† | |||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Middle | 1.21*** (1.18 to 1.24) | 0.96* (0.93 to 1.00) | 0.91** (0.86 to 0.97) |
| High | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.01) | 0.92*** (0.89 to 0.96) | 0.93* (0.88 to 0.99) |
| Fixed effects at state | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| n | 795 878 | 795 878 | 39 034 |
| Area under ROC curve | 0.843 | 0.948 | 0.609 |
| Pseudo-R2 | 0.251 | 0.449 | 0.027 |
| Probability > χ2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Significance levels: ***p<0.001; **p<0.01; *p<0.05.
*At municipality level.
†At health jurisdiction level.
‡Median of the number of days from presentation to care until death.
aOR, adjusted OR; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit; MoH, Ministry of Health; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.