Demographic information of the sample with complete information for all key variables and covariates
| Mean (SD) Total sample | Mean (SD) Sample without reading problems | Mean (SD) Sample with reading problems | N (%) Total sample | N (%) Sample without reading problems | N (%) Sample with reading problems | |
| Verbal memory | ||||||
| Age 43 | 26.21 (5.90) | 26.55 (5.69) | 18.76 (5.55) | – | – | – |
| Age 53 | 25.25 (5.89) | 25.55 (5.75) | 18.74 (5.27) | – | – | – |
| Age 60–64 | 24.85 (6.00) | 25.15 (5.84) | 18.22 (5.65) | – | – | – |
| Age 69 | 22.71 (6.04) | 23.01 (5.89) | 16.22 (5.57) | – | – | – |
| Processing speed | ||||||
| Age 43 | 343.44 (74.23) | 343.29 (73.78) | 346.61 (84.29) | – | – | – |
| Age 53 | 282.39 (73.05) | 282.93 (73.69) | 270.67 (56.71) | – | – | – |
| Age 60–64 | 267.48 (70.20) | 267.36 (70.30) | 270.17 (68.65) | – | – | – |
| Age 69 | 263.22 (71.67) | 262.94 (70.79) | 269.43 (89.49) | – | – | – |
| ACE-III total score | 91.94 (5.59) | 92.28 (5.30) | 84.43 (6.41) | – | – | – |
| ACE-III fluency | 11.09 (2.06) | 11.15 (2.05) | 9.65 (1.95) | – | – | – |
| ACE-III language | 25.33 (1.06) | 25.40 (0.97) | 23.93 (1.78) | – | – | – |
| ACE-III attention | 16.78 (1.79) | 16.83 (1.74) | 15.76 (2.46) | – | – | – |
| ACE-III memory | 23.62 (2.67) | 23.76 (2.57) | 20.65 (3.02) | – | – | – |
| ACE-III visuospatial | 15.12 (1.22) | 15.15 (1.20) | 14.43 (1.41) | – | – | – |
| Reading problems | ||||||
| Yes | – | – | – | 46 (4.4) | – | – |
| No | – | – | – | 1005 (95.6) | – | – |
| Reading problems (continuous) | 38.92 (8.63) | 40.04 (6.93) | 14.46 (5.12) | – | – | – |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | – | – | – | 506 (48.1) | 482 (48.0) | 24 (52.2) |
| Female | – | – | – | 545 (51.9) | 5.23 (52.0) | 22 (47.8) |
| Childhood cognition | 0.19 (0.78) | 0.25 (0.75) | −0.95 (0.49) | – | – | – |
| Childhood socioeconomic position | ||||||
| Professional | – | – | – | 85 (8.1) | 84 (8.4) | 1 (2.2) |
| Intermediate | – | – | – | 238 (22.6) | 234 (23.3) | 4 (8.7) |
| Skilled non-manual | – | – | – | 189 (18.0) | 186 (18.5) | 3 (6.5) |
| Skilled manual | – | – | – | 334 (31.8) | 312 (31.0) | 22 (47.8) |
| Partly skilled | – | – | – | 162 (15.4) | 153 (15.2) | 9 (19.6) |
| Unskilled | – | – | – | 43 (4.1) | 36 (3.6) | 7 (15.2) |
| Adulthood socioeconomic position | ||||||
| Professional | – | – | – | 94 (8.9) | 93 (9.3) | 1 (2.2) |
| Intermediate | – | – | – | 449 (42.7) | 440 (43.8) | 9 (19.6) |
| Skilled non-manual | – | – | – | 241 (22.9) | 233 (23.2) | 8 (17.4) |
| Skilled manual | – | – | – | 145 (13.8) | 127 (12.6) | 18 (39.1) |
| Partly skilled | – | – | – | 96 (9.1) | 88 (8.8) | 8 (17.4) |
| Unskilled | – | – | – | 26 (2.5) | 24 (2.4) | 2 (4.3) |
| Education | ||||||
| None | – | – | – | 281 (26.7) | 252 (25.1) | 29 (63.0) |
| Vocational or GCSE | – | – | – | 319 (30.4) | 307 (30.5) | 12 (26.1) |
| A-level or higher | – | – | – | 451 (42.9) | 446 (44.4) | 5 (10.9) |
| Adulthood affective symptoms | 1.64 (3.38) | 1.61 (3.28) | 2.30 (5.06) | – | – | – |
ACE-III, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education.