Table 4

Multivariate associations examining demographic, social and socioeconomic factors with breadth and pattern of OLTAs based on multilevel linear and logistic regression models

Breadth of OLTA participationPattern of OLTA participation
Number of OLTAs*OLTA non-sport
(no OLTA=ref.)
OLTA sport
(no OLTA=ref.)
OLTA both
(no OLTA=ref.)
β95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CIOR95% CI
Fixed effects
 Constant 1.65 1.50 to 1.80 1.60 1.27 to 2.00 0.960.76 to 1.21 2.09 1.47 to 2.96
 Sex (girl=ref.) −0.05 −0.07 to −0.03 0.43 0.40 to 0.46 1.91 1.80 to 2.03 0.90 0.85 to 0.96
 Age (11 years=ref.)
 13 −0.22 −0.25 to −0.20 0.80 0.73 to 0.87 0.85 0.76 to 0.92 0.63 0.59 to 0.69
 15 −0.46 −0.49 to −0.43 0.52 0.48 to 0.57 0.60 0.55 to 0.65 0.32 0.29 to 0.35
 Relative FAS (low FAS=ref.)
 Medium FAS 0.22 0.20 to 0.25 1.51 1.40 to 1.63 1.59 1.48 to 1.71 1.91 1.77 to 2.05
 High FAS 0.49 0.46 to 0.53 1.88 1.69 to 2.10 2.66 2.41 to 2.93 3.68 3.34 to 4.07
 Family structure (nuclear family=ref.)
 Single-parent family −0.08 −0.11 to −0.05 0.80 0.74 to 0.87 0.77 0.71 to 0.83 0.74 0.69 to 0.80
 Stepfamily −0.12 −0.16 to −0.08 0.78 0.70 to 0.87 0.78 0.70 to 0.86 0.71 0.64 to 0.79
 Non-parental family−0.01−0.08 to 0.06 0.67 0.55 to 0.81 0.68 0.57 to 0.81 0.76 0.64 to 0.90
Random effects
 Variance (SD)
 Country-level0.05 (0.23)0.08 (0.28)0.09 (0.30)0.26 (0.51)
 School-level0.08 (0.28)0.20 (0.45)0.17 (0.42)0.45 (0.67)
  • Nine countries from the 2017/2018 HBSC survey (n=48 437).

  • Data are beta coefficients (β) or OR and 95% CI.

  • Statistically significant values (p<0.05) are indicated in bold.

  • *Range: 0–6.

  • CI, confidence interval; FAS, Family Affluence Scale; HBSC, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children; OLTA, organised leisure-time activity; OR, odds ratio; ref., reference category; SD, standard deviation.