Table 2

Average marginal effects (AME) based on multi-level binomial regression for presenteeism propensity. Reading example: Among women, presenteeism propensity was 4.42 percentage points higher compared with men

	Model 1				Model 2
		95% CI				95% CI
	AME	Lower	Upper	P	AME	Lower	Upper	P
Level-1 variables
Gender
Female (Ref.: Male)	4.42	2.67	6.17	<0.001	4.41	2.66	6.16	<0.001
Age in years	−0.13	−0.21	−0.05	0.001	−0.13	−0.21	−0.05	0.001
Type of household
Single, no children	Ref.				Ref.
Couple, no children	−0.12	−2.21	1.96	0.907	−0.15	−2.24	1.94	0.886
Couple with children	1.93	−0.09	3.95	0.061	1.89	−0.13	3.91	0.067
Single with children	3.50	0.16	6.85	0.040	3.50	0.15	6.85	0.041
Others	0.92	−1.60	3.43	0.475	0.83	−1.68	3.35	0.516
Migration background
Yes (Ref.: No)	2.68	0.71	4.65	0.008	2.74	0.76	4.71	0.007
Weekly working hours	0.28	0.20	0.36	<0.001	0.27	0.19	0.35	<0.001
Job tenure in years	0.01	−0.08	0.10	0.841	0.01	−0.08	0.10	0.885
Income (Std.)	−0.53	−1.55	0.49	0.305	−0.54	−1.58	0.49	0.302
Number of days with illness	0.60	0.50	0.70	<0.001	0.60	0.50	0.70	<0.001
Occupational position (ESeC)
Semi- and unskilled workers	Ref.				Ref.
Skilled workers	−1.09	−3.48	1.31	0.375	−1.04	−3.45	1.36	0.395
Lower grade white−collar workers	1.16	−1.49	3.81	0.390	1.20	−1.46	3.86	0.376
Higher grade blue-collar workers	4.65	0.42	8.89	0.031	4.74	0.50	8.99	0.029
Higher grade white-collar workers	1.20	−1.74	4.14	0.423	1.25	−1.69	4.19	0.405
Lower salariat	4.99	2.38	7.60	<0.001	5.07	2.46	7.69	<0.001
Higher salariat	8.64	5.94	11.34	<0.001	8.77	6.05	11.49	<0.001
Working sector (NACE)
Agriculture	0.77	−4.82	6.37	0.786	0.72	−4.89	6.34	0.801
Industry	−1.51	−3.97	0.95	0.228	−1.51	−3.97	0.95	0.229
Construction	−0.67	−3.70	2.36	0.664	−0.63	−3.67	2.41	0.684
Transport	−1.81	−4.98	1.36	0.262	−1.81	−4.99	1.36	0.263
Commerce and hospitality	Ref.				Ref.
Financial services	−2.07	−6.03	1.90	0.307	−2.06	−6.03	1.91	0.309
Public administration	−0.21	−3.00	2.58	0.883	−0.25	−3.05	2.55	0.862
Education	3.39	0.65	6.14	0.015	3.39	0.64	6.14	0.016
Health	−0.70	−3.20	1.79	0.581	−0.67	−3.18	1.84	0.599
Other services	−0.70	−2.84	1.45	0.525	−0.68	−2.84	1.47	0.533
Non-permanent contract
Yes (Ref.: No)	6.06	3.33	8.78	<0.001	6.02	3.28	8.75	<0.001
Company size
<10	Ref.				Ref.
10–249	0.67	−1.02	2.36	0.437	0.75	−0.95	2.44	0.389
250+	4.32	2.19	6.46	<0.001	4.46	2.31	6.62	<0.001
Organisation has a trade union
Yes (Ref.: No)	−2.11	−3.80	−0.42	0.014	−2.10	−3.80	−0.41	0.015
Level-2 variables
Degree of urbanisation
Urban	Ref.				Ref.
Intermediate	1.86	−0.36	4.08	0.101	1.94	−0.29	4.17	0.088
Rural	−1.50	−3.85	0.85	0.210	−1.45	−3.80	0.91	0.228
Unemployment rate (%)					0.49	0.12	0.86	0.009
Intercept	54.2	51.7	56.7		54.3	51.8	56.7
Variance component
Level-1 (Individuals)	2.919		(−11.3%)		2.919		(−11.3%)
Level-2 (Regions)	0.648		(−15.9%)		0.619		(−19.7%)
Model information
Deviance	25666.2				25659.6
Wald test	p<0.001				p=0.009

CI, Confidence interval; Ref, Reference category; Std, Standardised. N=20 974 employees in 232 European regions.