Table 2

Risk ratios (RR) derived from the multilevel Poisson models for mental health and health behaviour outcomes

Psychological distress
(GHQ-12, 4+ cut-off)		Psychological distress
(GHQ-12, 3+ cut-off)		LonelinessBinge drinking (weekly or more)Alcohol frequency (4+ times per week)5+ drinks on typical drinking dayCurrent cigarette smokingRegular e-cigarettes
RR
[95% CI]		RR
[95% CI]		RR
[95% CI]		RR
[95% CI]		RR
[95% CI]		RR
[95% CI]		RR
[95% CI]		RR
[95% CI]
Interview year 1.06***[1.03,1.09]1.05***
[1.02,1.07]		1.00
[0.83,1.20]		1.02
[0.98,1.06]		1.05***
[1.03,1.08]		1.02
[0.98,1.06]		0.99
[0.97,1.01]		1.11*
[1.00,1.22]
Age group: 18–242.33***
[2.03,2.67]		2.08***
[1.85,2.34]		4.76***
[3.55,6.39]		1.59***
[1.25,2.01]		0.17***
[0.13,0.23]		15.29***
[11.73,19.93]		2.85***
[1.62,5.02]		2.04
[0.95,4.39]
25–442.01***
[1.83,2.22]		1.82***
[1.68,1.98]		2.73***
[2.15,3.46]		1.73***
[1.50,2.01]		0.48***
[0.43,0.54]		7.62***
[6.06,9.59]		6.56***
[4.42,9.75]		6.23***
[4.14,9.37]
45–641.71***
[1.55,1.88]		1.54***
[1.43,1.67]		2.02***
[1.61,2.54]		1.98***
[1.74,2.26]		0.87**
[0.79,0.95]		4.46***
[3.55,5.62]		5.29***
[3.56,7.87]		3.94***
[2.70,5.74]
65+ (ref)
Gender: Men (ref)
Women1.58***
[1.48,1.69]		1.51***
[1.43,1.60]		1.64***
[1.41,1.91]		0.53***
[0.49,0.59]		0.62***
[0.57,0.67]		0.52***
[0.46,0.59]		1.00
[0.82,1.22]		0.76*
[0.58,0.99]
Race/ethnicity: White (ref)
Non-white1.14*
[1.02,1.27]		1.08
[0.98,1.19]		1.12
[0.88,1.44]		0.27***
[0.20,0.36]		0.34***
[0.26,0.43]		0.30***
[0.22,0.40]		1.19
[0.88,1.61]		0.52*
[0.32,0.86]
Period: Pre-COVID-19
During COVID-191.28***
[1.15,1.42]		1.38***
[1.25,1.51]		0.90
[0.55,1.47]		1.48***
[1.27,1.73]		1.38***
[1.26,1.51]		0.40***
[0.33,0.47]		0.89**
[0.82,0.97]		0.66*
[0.48,0.91]
Observations 38 99238 99219 49629 24429 24429 24438 99229 244

  • *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

  • 95% CIs in brackets.