Psychiatric and medical comorbidities and behavioural history among male adults by race/ethnicity and lifetime homelessness
| Non-Hispanic white adults | Non-Hispanic black adults | Bivariate analysis of experiencing lifetime homelessness | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experiencing homelessness | Not experiencing homelessness | P value | Experiencing homelessness | Not experiencing homelessness | P value | Main effect of being black, OR (95% CI) | Main effect of each factor, OR (95% CI) | Interaction of being black and each factor, OR (95% CI) | |
| Sample size | |||||||||
| Unweighted sample | 606 | 7949 | 299 | 2854 | |||||
| Weighted population | 4 921 791 | 70 563 107 | 1 113 708 | 11 355 268 | |||||
| Past-year psychiatric disorder | |||||||||
| Any psychiatric disorder | 35.1 | 12.9 | <0.001 | 33.1 | 11.4 | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.12 to 1.82) | 3.65 (3.05 to 4.38) | 1.05 (0.72 to 1.53) |
| Major depressive disorder | 15.7 | 6.7 | <0.001 | 17.2 | 5.7 | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.10 to 1.69) | 2.57 (1.88 to 3.52) | 1.33 (0.76 to 2.31) |
| Dysthymia | 12.0 | 2.5 | <0.001 | 9.0 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.16 to 1.80) | 5.31 (3.77 to 7.46) | 1.11 (0.62 to 1.99) |
| Generalised anxiety disorder | 12.4 | 3.6 | <0.001 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 0.298 | 1.53 (1.23 to 1.89) | 3.77 (2.81 to 5.06) | 0.37 (0.18 to 0.78) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 10.7 | 2.5 | <0.001 | 8.6 | 3.7 | 0.001 | 1.46 (1.16 to 1.82) | 4.72 (3.31 to 6.71) | 0.52 (0.27 to 1.02) |
| Panic disorder | 7.5 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 5.4 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.15 to 1.79) | 4.81 (3.10 to 7.47) | 0.79 (0.35 to 1.81) |
| Bipolar 1 disorder | 6.4 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 6.3 | 1.1 | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.13 to 1.74) | 4.93 (3.30 to 7.36) | 1.24 (0.60 to 2.56) |
| Number of psychiatric disorders | |||||||||
| None | 87.1 | 64.9 | 88.6 | 66.9 | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1 | 9.1 | 18.1 | <0.001 | 7.7 | 19.8 | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.12 to 1.82) | 2.67 (2.12 to 3.36) | 1.27 (0.82 to 1.97) |
| ≥2 | 3.8 | 17.0 | 3.7 | 13.3 | 6.01 (4.66 to 7.77) | 0.79 (0.46 to 1.35) | |||
| Past-year substance use disorder | |||||||||
| Alcohol use disorder | 31.0 | 16.9 | <0.001 | 35.3 | 17.0 | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.03 to 1.70) | 4.90 (3.75 to 6.40) | 1.20 (0.84 to 1.70) |
| Any illicit substance use disorder | 16.1 | 3.8 | <0.001 | 22.3 | 6.6 | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.06 to 1.70) | 2.22 (1.83 to 2.69) | 0.83 (0.53 to 1.31) |
| Cannabis use disorder | 10.5 | 2.6 | <0.001 | 18.2 | 5.4 | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.05 to 1.67) | 4.33 (3.15 to 5.97) | 0.90 (0.54 to 1.48) |
| Opioid use disorder | 5.8 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 3.2 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.17 to 1.78) | 8.94 (5.19 to 15.40) | 0.56 (0.23 to 1.35) |
| Cocaine use disorder | 2.8 | 0.3 | <0.001 | 3.2 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.14 to 1.74) | 9.62 (3.89 to 23.78) | 0.49 (0.14 to 1.71) |
| Stimulant use disorder | 1.9 | 0.3 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.002 | 1.43 (1.16 to 1.76) | 6.25 (2.60 to 15.00) | * |
| Sedative use disorder | 1.5 | 0.3 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.072 | 1.42 (1.15 to 1.75) | 4.74 (2.30 to 9.76) | 0.73 (0.13 to 3.99) |
| Heroin use disorder | 1.3 | 0.2 | <0.001 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.318 | 1.42 (1.15 to 1.75) | 6.74 (2.32 to 19.60) | 0.41 (0.04 to 4.07) |
| Hallucinogen use disorder | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.478 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.512 | 1.41 (1.14 to 1.74) | 2.11 (0.25 to 18.03) | * |
| Club drug use disorder | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.820 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.001 | 1.39 (1.12 to 1.71) | 1.19 (0.26 to 5.54) | 8.89 (0.97 to 81.77) |
| Solvent/inhalant use disorder | 0.7 | 0.0 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.0 | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.14 to 1.74) | 26.42 (3.44 to 203.18) | 1.53 (0.04 to 55.99) |
| Number of illicit Substance use disorders | |||||||||
| None | 83.9 | 96.2 | 77.7 | 93.4 | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1 | 12.1 | 3.2 | <0.001 | 18.6 | 6.1 | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.06 to 1.70) | 4.31 (3.10 to 6.00) | 0.85 (0.50 to 1.44) |
| ≥2 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 8.50 (4.47 to 16.13) | 1.16 (0.50 to 2.72) | |||
| Past-year chronic medical condition | |||||||||
| Pain | 25.6 | 9.2 | <0.001 | 19.7 | 10.5 | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.24 to 1.91) | 3.41 (2.70 to 4.30) | 0.61 (0.40 to 0.94) |
| Any medical comorbidity | 63.7 | 61.3 | 0.337 | 64.7 | 58.5 | 0.116 | 1.28 (0.93 to 1.76) | 1.11 (0.90 to 1.37) | 1.17 (0.78 to 1.76) |
| Number of chronic conditions | |||||||||
| None | 36.3 | 38.7 | 35.3 | 41.5 | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1 | 23.6 | 24.4 | 0.033 | 24.9 | 28.3 | 0.039 | 1.28 (0.93 to 1.76) | 1.03 (0.79 to 1.35) | 1.00 (0.63 to 1.58) |
| 2–4 | 31.2 | 31.5 | 33.8 | 25.5 | 1.06 (0.83 to 1.46) | 1.47 (0.92 to 2.35) | |||
| ≥5 | 8.9 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 4.7 | 1.74 (1.20 to 2.52) | 0.88 (0.42 to 1.83) | |||
| Behavioural history | |||||||||
| Antisocial personality disorder | 33.1 | 4.5 | <0.001 | 32.8 | 5.8 | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.14 to 1.80) | 10.46 (8.22 to 13.32) | 0.75 (0.51 to 1.12) |
| Borderline personality disorder | 36.8 | 8.8 | <0.001 | 35.7 | 8.0 | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.32 to 1.78) | 6.05 (4.84 to 7.56) | 1.05 (0.68 to 1.63) |
| Religiosity | 69.4 | 75.5 | 0.005 | 94.1 | 92.7 | 0.421 | 0.90 (0.52 to 1.57) | 0.74 (0.59 to 0.91) | 1.72 (0.94 to 3.16) |
| Parental history | |||||||||
| Alcoholic/problem drinker | 46.3 | 21.4 | <0.001 | 37.5 | 17.1 | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.22 to 1.95) | 3.17 (2.51 to 4.00) | 0.92 (0.61 to 1.37) |
| Drug user | 18.3 | 4.1 | <0.001 | 23.4 | 6.5 | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.08 to 1.66) | 5.20 (3.94 to 6.86) | 0.85 (0.49 to 1.47) |
| Incarceration | 21.5 | 5.5 | <0.001 | 26.4 | 10.3 | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.10 to 1.73) | 4.74 (3.69 to 6.10) | 1.38 (1.10 to 1.73) |
| Hospitalisation due to mental illness | 11.8 | 4.6 | <0.001 | 8.9 | 4.8 | 0.006 | 1.44 (1.15 to 1.79) | 2.77 (2.09 to 3.65) | 0.70 (0.41 to 1.19) |
| Suicide attempts | 8.8 | 2.3 | <0.001 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 0.011 | 1.46 (1.18 to 1.80) | 4.06 (2.78 to 5.93) | 0.57 (0.28 to 1.15) |
| Completed suicide | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.021 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.731 | 1.41 (1.15 to 1.73) | 2.50 (1.12 to 5.59) | 0.49 (0.12 to 2.00) |
| Traumatic events | |||||||||
| Any | 79.8 | 52.8 | <0.001 | 66.5 | 45.0 | <0.001 | 1.96 (1.36 to 2.84) | 3.52 (2.79 to 4.43) | 0.69 (0.44 to 1.08) |
| Witnessed | 75.3 | 54.9 | <0.001 | 69.7 | 47.8 | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.05 to 2.03) | 2.50 (1.97 to 3.17) | 1.01 (0.67 to 1.52) |
| Repeatedly exposed | 21.6 | 14.6 | <0.001 | 19.3 | 11.9 | 0.007 | 1.38 (1.10 to 1.73) | 1.61 (1.25 to 2.08) | 1.10 (0.68 to 1.79) |
| Incarceration history | |||||||||
| Lifetime | 56.9 | 16.3 | <0.001 | 62.4 | 22.3 | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.00 to 1.74) | 6.78 (5.51 to 8.34) | 0.86 (0.62 to 1.18) |
| Before age 18 only | 25.1 | 4.5 | <0.001 | 29.1 | 6.3 | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.06 to 1.70) | 7.15 (5.49 to 9.33) | 0.85 (0.55 to 1.32) |
| Lifetime suicide attempt | 17.6 | 2.9 | <0.001 | 13.7 | 2.5 | <0.001 | 1.45 (1.16 to 1.83) | 7.13 (5.18 to 9.81) | 0.88 (0.42 to 1.86) |
*Indicates that the interaction effect was not quantified due to limited sample sizes.
Data were from National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III.