Association between famine exposure and sensory impairments stratified by famine severity
Unexposed | Fetal-exposed | Childhood-exposed | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early childhood | Mid childhood | Late childhood | |||
Visual impairment | |||||
Severely famine-affected areas | |||||
OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.60 (0.67 to 3.83) | 1.14 (0.32 to 4.11) | 1.23 (0.44 to 3.45) | 1.61 (0.78 to 3.32) |
Less famine-affected areas | |||||
OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.13 (0.64 to 2.01) | 1.27 (0.45 to 3.56) | 0.68 (0.31 to 1.50) | 0.88 (0.50 to 1.56) |
P value for interaction term | 0.562 | 0.217 | 0.917 | 0.759 | |
Hearing impairment | |||||
Severely famine-affected areas | |||||
OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.78 (0.96 to 3.27) | 2.77 (1.05 to 7.33) | 2.80 (1.29 to 6.12) | 2.50 (1.47 to 4.31) |
Less famine-affected areas | |||||
OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.34 (0.83 to 2.16) | 0.80 (0.34 to 1.84) | 1.04 (0.54 to 2.00) | 1.38 (0.86 to 2.21) |
P value for interaction term | 0.501 | 0.146 | 0.372 | 0.409 | |
Dual sensory impairments | |||||
Severely famine-affected areas | |||||
OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.56 (0.86 to 2.82) | 2.75 (1.06 to 7.14) | 2.72 (1.26 to 5.88) | 2.17 (1.27 to 3.70) |
Less famine-affected areas | |||||
OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.32 (0.82 to 2.14) | 0.72 (0.31 to 1.66) | 0.79 (0.41 to 1.52) | 1.23 (0.76 to 1.97) |
P value for interaction term | 0.703 | 0.236 | 0.363 | 0.471 |
Interaction term: interaction between famine severity and different life stages of famine exposure. Model adjusted for age, gender, education, smoking, drinking, depressive symptoms, self-reported current health conditions, health status in childhood, hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung disease and heart diseases.
ref., reference group.