Associations between neighbourhood characteristics and loneliness in the study sample†,‡
| Model 1§ | Model 2¶ | Model 3** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medium level of loneliness OR (95% CI) | High level of loneliness OR (95% CI) | Medium level of loneliness OR (95% CI) | High level of loneliness OR (95% CI) | Medium level of loneliness OR (95% CI) | High level of loneliness OR (95% CI) | |
| Social neighbourhood characteristics | ||||||
| Percentage of low educated residents | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Average income in €1000,- | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) |
| Percentage of social security beneficiaries | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) | 1.01 (0.94–1.10) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) |
| Percentage of unoccupied dwellings | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) |
| Number of criminal offences per 1000 residents | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| Physical neighbourhood characteristic | ||||||
| Land use mix | 0.59 (0.20–1.75) | 0.64 (0.22–1.89) | 0.59 (0.20–1.76) | 0.78 (0.26–2.36) | 0.54 (0.18–1.67) | 0.67 (0.21–2.11) |
†The reference category of the outcome measure is low level of loneliness.
‡In bold: p<0.05.
§In Model 1, the associations are adjusted for the individual-level confounders age, sex and study.
¶In Model 2, the associations are additionally adjusted for the individual-level confounders partner status, educational level and household income.
**In Model 3, the associations are additionally adjusted for the area-level confounder population density.