Health outcomes at age 14 and early adverse childhood experiences by maternal educational level at birth
| Total | Degree plus | Diploma | A-level | GCSE A−C | GCSE D–G | None | ||
| Maternal educational level at birth | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | P value* |
| Outcomes | ||||||||
| Social emotional behavioural problems | 8.7 | 3.5 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 8.4 | 15.3 | 15.4 | <0.001 |
| Cognitive disability | 6.0 | 2.5 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 6.5 | 9.1 | 9.9 | <0.001 |
| Overweight/obese | 24.6 | 16.7 | 23.9 | 21.0 | 26.5 | 30.0 | 30.8 | <0.001 |
| ACEs** | ||||||||
| Verbal maltreatment (age 5) | 36.5 | 34.1 | 37.5 | 38.6 | 38.6 | 35.6 | 32.9 | 0.067 |
| Physical maltreatment (age 5) | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 0.309 |
| Parental divorce (age 3) | 3.4 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 5.5 | <0.001 |
| Parental divorce (age 5) | 2.1 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.9 | 8.7 | <0.001 |
| Maternal mental illness (age 3) | 2.3 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 5.0 | <0.001 |
| Maternal mental illness (age 5) | 2.4 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 4.7 | 5.1 | <0.001 |
| High frequency alcohol use (age 3) | 7.3 | 13.3 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 3.3 | <0.001 |
| High frequency alcohol use (age 5) | 8.2 | 13.9 | 9.7 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 5.6 | 3.4 | <0.001 |
| Domestic violence (age 3) | 3.3 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 0.018 |
| Domestic violence (age 5) | 4.1 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 0.048 |
| Use of drugs | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.317 |
| ≥1 ACEs | 50.8 | 49.2 | 53.7 | 52.6 | 50.3 | 51.5 | 50.5 | 0.660 |
| ≥2 ACEs | 16.4 | 16.1 | 16.4 | 14.4 | 15.2 | 18.4 | 19.9 | 0.198 |
| ≥3 ACEs | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 3.5 | 6.1 | 3.8 | 6.1 | 0.185 |
| ≥4 ACEs | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 0.210 |
*Data in italic on significance level of <0.05.
**ACEs were dichotomised as outlined in online supplemental material S2 for descriptive analysis.
ACEs, adverse childhood experiences; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education.