Table 3

Birth order gradient in early childhood maltreatment among 5-year-old Ontario-born children, stratified by immigrant status, Canada, 2002–2012

	Non-immigrants						Immigrants										Immigrants vs non-immigrants
	Cases	Rate per 100 children	RR	95% CI	ARR*	95% CI	Cases	Rate per 100 children	RR	95% CI	ARR*	95% CI	ARR†	95% CI	ARR†	95% CI	ARR*	95% CI
Birth order
1st	8055	1.8	1.00	Ref.	1.00	Ref.	1991	1.1	1.00	Ref.	1.00	Ref.	1.00	Ref.	1.00	Ref.	0.74	0.70, 0.78
2nd	4426	1.4	0.76	0.74, 0.79	1.00	0.96, 1.03	766	0.8	0.72	0.67, 0.78	0.77	0.71, 0.84	0.75	0.69, 0.82	0.72	0.66, 0.86	0.64	0.59, 0.69
3rd	1629	1.6	0.85	0.81 0.90	1.18	1.12, 1.25	198	0.7	0.66	0.57, 0.76	0.70	0.61, 0.82	0.66	0.56, 0.76	0.57	0.43, 0.76	0.51	0.44, 0.60
4+	842	2.4	1.25	1.16, 1.35	1.75	1.63, 1.89	60	0.6	0.57	0.44, 0.74	0.59	0.45, 0.76	0.52	0.39, 0.67	0.51	0.32, 0.81	0.28	0.22, 0.37
RR for trend			0.95	0.93, 0.98	1.13	1.11, 1.15			0.79	0.75, 0.83	0.82	0.78, 0.86	0.79	0.74, 0.84	0.76	0.69, 0.84
P value for trend				<0.0001		<0.0001				<0.0001		<0.0001		<0.0001		<0.0001

*Adjusted for maternal age, child sex, rural residence, complex chronic conditions and neighbourhood income.
†Adjusted for maternal age, child sex, rural residence, complex chronic conditions, neighbourhood income, maternal region of birth, duration of residence in Canada, refugee status, knowledge of Canadian official languages, marital status at arrival and educational attainment at arrival.
ARR, adjusted rate ratio; CM, child maltreatment; RR, rate ratio.