Association between individual- and country characteristics and different pathways out of paid employment among employed persons (n=334 999) in 23 European countries of a rotating panel (EU-SILC) between 2003 and 2014
| Exit from paid employment | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployment (n=12 829) | Early retirement (n=3805) | Disability (n=1920) | Economic inactivity (n=6670) | All pathways (n=25 254) | ||
| Mean (SD) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age | 43.6 (8.2) | 0.97 (0.97–0.98) | 1.17 (1.04–1.31) | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| N (%) | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 174 581 (51.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 160 418 (47.9) | 1.09 (0.98–1.20) | 1.12 (0.76–1.65) | 1.07 (0.89–1.27) | 4.87 (3.81–6.23) | 1.58 (1.41–1.78) |
| Education | ||||||
| High | 95 070 (28.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Intermediate | 159 441 (47.6) | 1.76 (1.53–2.01) | 1.13 (0.96–1.32) | 1.82 (1.59–2.08) | 1.28 (1.08–1.51) | 1.52 (1.41–1.64) |
| Low | 80 488 (24.0) | 2.70 (2.28–3.20) | 1.31 (1.01–1.69) | 2.81 (2.34–3.36) | 2.18 (1.77–2.67) | 2.36 (2.14–2.60) |
| Health | ||||||
| Good | 262 243 (78.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Poor | 72 756 (21.7) | 1.51 (1.40–1.63) | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) | 7.17 (5.72–8.99) | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) | 1.64 (1.45–1.85) |
| Mean (sd) min-max | ||||||
| GDP | 33.74 (10.40) 16.66–88.30 | 0.91 (0.88–0.95) | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) |
| Employment protection of permanent workers (eprc_v2) (decrease) | 2.64 (0.51) 1.10–3.98 | 0.91 (0.44–1.90) | 3.45 (1.76–6.76) | 1.55 (0.90–2.66) | 1.20 (0.70–2.07) | 1.31 (0.94–1.83) |
| Employment protection of temporary workers (ept_v1) (decrease) | 2.18 (0.87) 0.63–4.75 | 1.37 (1.07–1.76) | 6.29 (3.17–12.48) | 1.36 (0.82–2.25) | 0.99 (0.55–1.78) | 1.58 (1.20–2.09) |
OLS regression models included individual characteristics (age, sex, education, health) and country characteristics (GDP and employment protection (eprc-v2 or ept-v1)) with fixed effects for country and year.
EU-SILC, European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions; GDP, gross domestic product; OLS, ordinary least squares.