Generational differences in the gender-modified associations between early-life characteristics and adult SEP measured by Hollingshead index, the Uppsala Multi-generational birth cohort, Sweden
| Early-life social characteristics* | Men (n=8513) | Women (n=7775) | ||||
| Generation 1 | Generation 2 | Difference in association | Generation 1 | Generation 2 | Difference in association | |
| ß(95% CI)† | ß(95% CI)† | ß change
(95% CI)‡ | ß(95% CI)† | ß(95% CI)† | ß change
(95% CI)‡ | |
| Family SEP | ||||||
| High | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Medium | −28.7
(–31.3 to −26.1) | −13.1
(–15.6 to −10.6) |
15.6
(12.0 to 19.2) | −20.7
(–23.1 to −18.3) | −8.5
(–10.9 to −6.0) |
12.2
(8.8 to 15.7) |
| Low | −33.8
(–36.4 to −31.2) | −14.9
(–17.0 to −12.7) |
18.9
(15.6 to 22.3) | −24.7
(–27.2 to −22.3) | −12.4
(–14.6 to −10.1) |
12.3
(9.1 to 15.7) |
| Mother’s marital status | ||||||
| Married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Unmarried | −3.8
(−5.7 to −1.9) | −5.2
(−8.0 to −2.4) | −1.4 (−4.7 to 2.0) | −1.2 (−2.9 to 0.6) | −8.1
(–11.0 to −5.2) | −6.9
(–10.3 to −3.6) |
| Birth weight (standardised) | ||||||
| SGA | −2.4
(−4.7 to −0.2) | 0.1 (−2.9 to 3.0) | 2.5 (−1.2 to 6.2) | −3.6
(−5.9 to −1.4) | −3.4
(−6.3 to −0.5) | 0.2 (−3.4 to 3.9) |
| Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| LGA | 1.1 (−1.1 to 3.2) |
3.1
(0.2 to 6.0) | 2.0 (−1.6 to 5.6) | −1.2 (−3.2 to 0.9) | 2.1 (−0.9 to 5.0) | 3.3 (−0.4 to 6.8) |
Bold typeface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
*Each exposure represents a separate linear regression model. The association with family SEP was adjusted for year of birth and mother’s marital status. The association with mother’s marital status was adjusted for year of birth, family SEP and family socioeconomic position*generation. The association with standardised birth weight was adjusted for year of birth, mother’s age at birth, mother’s parity, length of gestation, multiplicity of birth, family SEP, mother’s marital status, and family SEP*generation.
†Obtained in post-estimation from the fitted linear regression models.
‡Obtained from linear regression models by fitting an interaction term of exposure*generation.
ß, beta coefficient; LGA, large-for-gestational age; Ref., reference group; SEP, socioeconomic position; SGA, small-for-gestational age.