Crude and adjusted associations between mother’s country of birth and neonatal death, infant death, preterm birth and birth weight, pooled across ethnic groups and stratified by ethnic group
| Ethnicity of infant and mother’s country or region of birth | Neonatal death, RR (95% CI) | Infant death, RR (95% CI) | Preterm birth, RR (95% CI) | Birth weight difference, g (95% CI) * | ||||
| Crude | Adjusted† | Crude | Adjusted† | Crude | Adjusted† | Crude | Adjusted† | |
| Pooled analysis | ||||||||
| All ethnic groups‡ | ||||||||
| UK | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Region of ethnic origin | 1.32 (1.25 to 1.39) | 0.91 (0.83 to 0.997) | 1.33 (1.27 to 1.39) | 0.91 (0.85 to 0.98) | 0.96 (0.95 to 0.97) | 0.89 (0.88 to 0.91) | -78(-79 to -77) | 25 (23 to 27) |
| Elsewhere | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.11) | 0.98 (0.88 to 1.10) | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.07) | 0.84 (0.82 to 0.86) | 0.86 (0.85 to 0.88) | -3(-5 to -1) | 6 (4 to 8) |
| Stratified analysis | ||||||||
| White British | ||||||||
| UK | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Elsewhere | 0.86 (0.74 to0.995) | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.10) | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.94) | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.08) | 0.81 (0.79 to 0.83) | 0.86 (0.84 to 0.88) | 25 (23 to 28) | -3(-5 to -0.3) |
| White (other) | ||||||||
| UK | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Region of ethnic origin | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.04) | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.05) | 0.85 (0.72 to 1.00) | 0.86 (0.73 to 1.02) | 0.85 (0.82 to 0.88) | 0.90 (0.87 to 0.94) | 22 (19 to 26) | 21 (18 to 25) |
| Elsewhere | 0.80 (0.56 to 1.14) | 0.88 (0.61 to 1.27) | 0.79 (0.59 to 1.06) | 0.89 (0.66 to 1.19) | 0.74 (0.69 to 0.79) | 0.82 (0.77 to 0.88) | 28 (22 to 34) | 6 (1 to 12) |
| Indian | ||||||||
| UK | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Country of ethnic origin | 0.88 (0.69 to 1.12) | 0.85 (0.66 to 1.09) | 0.91 (0.74 to 1.11) | 0.89 (0.73 to 1.09) | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.94) | 0.91 (0.87 to 0.96) | 37 (33 to 42) | 42 (38 to 47) |
| Elsewhere | 1.15 (0.82 to 1.61) | 1.08 (0.77 to 1.52) | 1.31 (1.00 to 1.71) | 1.24 (0.94 to 1.62) | 0.97 (0.90 to 1.04) | 0.93 (0.87 to 1.001) | 36 (29 to 44) | 41 (34 to 48) |
| Pakistani | ||||||||
| UK | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Country of ethnic origin | 0.86 (0.74 to 0.99) | 0.84 (0.72 to 0.98) | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.97) | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.94) | 0.85 (0.82 to 0.89) | 0.85 (0.82 to 0.88) | 27 (24 to 31) | 23 (19 to 27) |
| Elsewhere | 0.85 (0.58 to 1.27) | 0.88 (0.59 to 1.30) | 0.80 (0.58 to 1.08) | 0.81 (0.60 to 1.11) | 0.90 (0.81 to 0.989) | 0.90 (0.82 to 0.991) | 35 (25 to 45) | 29 (19 to 38) |
| Bangladeshi | ||||||||
| UK | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Country of ethnic origin | 0.97 (0.67 to 1.39) | 0.97 (0.68 to 1.40) | 0.95 (0.72 to 1.26) | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.21) | 0.97 (0.90 to 1.04) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.02) | 63 (55 to 70) | 50 (42 to 57) |
| Elsewhere | 0.97 (0.41 to 2.29) | 1.03 (0.43 to 2.46) | 0.88 (0.44 to 1.76) | 0.89 (0.44 to 1.79) | 0.92 (0.77 to 1.10) | 0.87 (0.73 to 1.04) | 114 (96 to 132) | 96 (78 to 114) |
| Black Caribbean | ||||||||
| UK | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Region of ethnic origin | 1.03 (0.75 to 1.42) | 1.05 (0.76 to 1.45) | 0.84 (0.65 to 1.10) | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.13) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.02) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.02) | 83 (74 to 91) | 67 (59 to 75) |
| Elsewhere | 1.67 (1.04 to 2.68) | 1.71 (1.06 to 2.76) | 1.17 (0.76 to 1.80) | 1.24 (0.80 to 1.91) | 0.85 (0.75 to 0.97) | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.03) | 100 (85 to 115) | 71 (56 to 86) |
| Black African | ||||||||
| UK | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Region of ethnic origin | 1.12 (0.79 to 1.59) | 1.16 (0.81 to 1.66) | 1.15 (0.87 to 1.53) | 1.21 (0.90 to 1.61) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.97) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.07) | 31 (23 to 39) | 45 (36 to 53) |
| Elsewhere | 1.12 (0.65 to 1.94) | 1.16 (0.67 to 2.02) | 1.08 (0.69 to 1.71) | 1.14 (0.72 to 1.80) | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.96) | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.04) | 37 (23 to 50) | 37 (24 to 50) |
Bold text highlights estimates whose CI exclude no difference with the comparison group.
*All differences are gestational age-adjusted.
†Adjusted for maternal age (including quadratic term for departure from linearity), birth registration type, year of birth, sex of baby, IMD decile and additionally for Black African babies, whether mother’s country of birth was classified as a fragile state based on the World Bank ‘Low-income countries under stress’ and ‘fragile situation’ classifications.
‡Except ‘mixed/other’ and ethnicity ‘not stated’ because it was not possible to correctly classify countries or regions of birth for non UK-born mothers.