Table 1

Characteristics of the study participants according to physical frailty status at age 70 years (n=950)

CharacteristicNot frail
(n=434)
Prefrail
(n=444)
Frail
(n=72)
P for difference
Age (years), mean (SD)69.4 (0.87)69.6 (0.81)69.5 (0.76)0.017
Female, no (%)217 (50.0)227 (51.1)38 (52.8)0.893
Years of full-time education, median (IQR)10 (10–12)10 (10–11)10 (10–10)0.0001
Smoking status, no (%)0.008
 Never217 (50.0)199 (44.8)28 (38.9)
 Ex184 (42.4)196 (44.1)29 (40.3)
 Current33 (7.60)49 (11.0)15 (20.8)
Depressive symptom score, median (IQR)1 (0–2)1 (0–3)3 (1–5)0.0001
Number of chronic physical illnesses, median (IQR)1 (0–1)1 (0–2)2 (1–2)0.0001
Cognitive factor score estimates for level, mean (SD)
 Visuospatial ability0.15 (0.95)−0.04 (1.01)−0.67 (0.92)<0.0001
 Memory0.13 (0.96)−0.03 (1.02)−0.60 (0.95)<0.0001
 Speed0.17 (0.95)−0.04 (0.98)−0.77 (1.05)<0.0001
 Crystallised ability0.12 (0.97)−0.05 (1.00)−0.45 (1.08)<0.0001
 General cognitive ability0.16 (0.94)−0.04 (1.01)−0.70 (0.96)<0.0001
Cognitive factor score estimates for slope, mean (SD)
 Visuospatial ability0.07 (0.96)−0.006 (1.03)−0.39 (0.95)0.002
 Memory0.05 (1.02)−0.001 (0.99)−0.27 (0.86)0.041
 Speed0.07 (0.95)−0.003 (1.04)−0.40 (0.97)0.001
 Crystallised ability0.08 (0.96)−0.02 (1.04)−0.36 (0.96)0.003
 General cognitive ability0.07 (0.96)−0.01 (1.03)−0.39 (0.95)0.001