Estimated association between maternal and paternal prepregnancy obesity and overweight and offspring IQ assessed at a mean age of 8.6 years, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
| Beta coefficient (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Full-scale IQ | Verbal IQ | Performance IQ | |||||||
| Crude | Adjusted, complete case analysis | Adjusted, all cases | Crude | Adjusted, complete case analysis | Adjusted, all cases | Crude | Adjusted, complete case analysis | Adjusted, all cases | |
| Main Analysis | n=4324 | n=2976 | n=4324 | n=4324 | n=2976 | n=4324 | n=4324 | n=2976 | n=4324 |
| Prepregnancy obesity | |||||||||
| Maternal | −5.5 (−7.8 to −3.1) | −3.0 (−5.7 to −0.31) | −2.4 (−4.6 to −0.21) | −4.3 (−6.6 to −2.0) | −2.5 (−5.2 to 0.28) | −1.2 (−3.3 to 0.98) | −5.5 (−7.8 to −3.2) | −3.0 (−5.8 to −0.22) | −3.4 (−5.7 to −1.2) |
| Paternal | −3.2 (−5.2 to −1.3) | −0.79 (−3.1 to 1.5) | −1.7 (−3.6 to 0.18) | −3.5 (−5.4 to −1.5) | −1.7 (−4.1 to 0.72) | −2.0 (−3.8 to −0.08) | −2.0 (−4.0 to −0.06) | 0.56 (−1.8 to 2.9) | −0.97 (−2.9 to 0.96) |
| Prepregnancy overweight | |||||||||
| Maternal | −3.3 (−4.6 to −2.0) | −1.9 (−3.5 to −0.43) | −1.8 (−3.0 to −0.49) | −3.4 (−4.8 to −2.1) | −1.7 (−3.2 to −0.20) | −1.9 (−3.1 to −0.59) | −2.3 (−3.7 to −0.89) | −1.7 (−3.4 to −0.02) | −1.2 (−2.6 to 0.17) |
| Paternal | −0.88 (−1.9 to 0.14) | −0.66 (−1.8 to 0.51) | −0.62 (−1.6 to 0.35) | −0.81 (−1.9 to 0.23) | −0.70 (−1.9 to 0.48) | −0.57 (−1.5 to 0.40) | −0.78 (−1.8 to 0.28) | −0.47 (−1.7 to 0.78) | −0.57 (−1.6 to 0.47) |
| Normal weight | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Sensitivity Analyses | |||||||||
| Cohort restricted to mothers with highest education level (A level or degree) | n=1963 | n=1495 | n=1963 | n=1963 | n=1495 | n=1963 | n=1963 | n=1495 | n=1963 |
| Prepregnancy obesity | |||||||||
| Maternal | −1.4 (−5.4 to 2.7) | −3.3 (−8.4 to 1.8) | −0.85 (−5.0 to 3.3) | 0.77 (−3.2 to 4.8) | −0.32 (−5.5 to 4.8) | 1.3 (−2.7 to 5.4) | −3.7 (−7.7 to 0.26) | −6.1 (−11.2 to −1.0) | −3.3 (−7.4 to 0.70) |
| Paternal | −3.1 (−6.0 to −0.16) | −0.70 (−4.0 to 2.6) | −2.4 (−5.3 to 0.42) | −3.5 (−6.5 to −0.55) | −2.1 (−5.7 to 1.5) | −3.0 (−5.9 to 0.01) | −1.9 (−5.0 to 1.3) | 1.3 (−2.3 to 4.8) | −1.3 (−4.4 to 1.7) |
| Prepregnancy overweight | |||||||||
| Maternal | −1.8 (−3.9 to 0.34) | −1.5 (−3.8 to 0.87) | −1.3 (−3.3 to 0.82) | −1.6 (−3.7 to 0.49) | −1.1 (−3.4 to 1.2) | −1.1 (−3.1 to 1.0) | −1.6 (−3.9 to 0.63) | −1.6 (−4.1 to 1.0) | −1.3 (−3.5 to 0.96) |
| Paternal | −1.2 (−2.7 to 0.33) | −0.52 (−2.2 to 1.2) | −1.0 (−2.5 to 0.45) | −1.1 (−2.7 to 0.39) | −0.54 (−2.3 to 1.2) | −1.0 (−2.5 to 0.47) | −0.87 (−2.5 to 0.71) | −0.36 (−2.2 to 1.5) | −0.74 (−2.3 to 0.83) |
| Normal weight | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Cohort restricted to mothers with weight recorded at first antenatal visit | n=2891 | n=2020 | n=2891 | n=2891 | n=2020 | n=2891 | n=2891 | n=2020 | n=2891 |
| Prepregnancy obesity | |||||||||
| Maternal* | −5.4 (−7.8 to −3.0) | −2.6 (−5.3 to 0.17) | −2.7 (−4.9 to −0.46) | −4.6 (−7.0 to −2.2) | −1.8 (−4.6 to 1.1) | −1.8 (−4.0 to 0.43) | −5.1 (−7.5 to −2.6) | −2.8 (−5.8 to 0.21) | −3.1 (−5.5 to −0.76) |
| Paternal | −2.9 (−5.3 to −0.47) | −0.41 (−3.3 to 2.5) | −1.4 (−3.8 to 0.99) | −3.2 (−5.6 to −0.76) | −1.2 (−4.3 to 1.9) | −1.7 (−4.1 to 0.70) | −1.8 (−4.2 to 0.69) | 0.76 (−2.2 to 3.7) | −0.66 (−3.1 to 1.7) |
| Prepregnancy overweight | |||||||||
| Maternal* | −2.7 (−4.1 to −1.2) | −1.5 (−3.1 to 0.18) | −1.0 (−2.4 to 0.38) | −2.4 (−3.9 to −0.95) | −1.4 (−3.1 to 0.23) | −0.79 (−2.2 to 0.61) | −2.2 (−3.7 to −0.65) | −1.1 (−2.9 to 0.76) | −0.93 (−2.4 to 0.57) |
| Paternal | −0.73 (−2.0 to 0.53) | −0.26 (−1.7 to 1.2) | −0.47 (−1.7 to 0.72) | −0.60 (−1.9 to 0.67) | −0.24 (−1.7 to 1.2) | −0.41 (−1.6 to 0.78) | −0.70 (−2.0 to 0.60) | −0.22 (−1.8 to 1.3) | −0.44 (−1.7 to 0.83) |
| Normal weight | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Cohort restricted to fathers who indicated certainty about self-reported weight | n=3765 | n=2609 | n=3765 | n=3765 | n=2609 | n=3765 | n=3765 | n=2609 | n=3765 |
| Prepregnancy obesity | |||||||||
| Maternal | −6.7 (−9.2 to −4.3) | −4.2 (−7.1 to −1.3) | −3.6 (−5.9 to −1.2) | −4.9 (−7.4 to −2.5) | −2.8 (−5.8 to 0.16) | −1.6 (−3.9 to 0.67) | −7.2 (−9.7 to −4.8) | −4.9 (−7.9 to −1.8) | −5.1 (−7.6 to −2.7) |
| Paternal | −3.5 (−5.6 to −1.4) | −0.62 (−3.1 to 1.9) | −1.9 (−3.9 to 0.14) | −3.5 (−5.6 to −1.4) | −1.4 (−4.0 to 1.2) | −1.9 (−3.9 to 0.17) | −2.6 (−4.7 to −0.50) | 0.56 (−2.0 to 3.1) | −1.5 (−3.6 to 0.56) |
| Prepregnancy overweight | |||||||||
| Maternal | −3.2 (−4.7 to −1.8) | −1.8 (−3.3 to −0.22) | −1.8 (−3.2 to −0.51) | −3.4 (−4.9 to −2.0) | −1.7 (−3.3 to −0.15) | −2.0 (−3.3 to −0.63) | −2.3 (−3.7 to −0.82) | −1.4 (−3.1 to 0.29) | −1.3 (−2.7 to 0.11) |
| Paternal | −0.71 (−1.8 to 0.38) | −0.68 (−1.9 to 0.56) | −0.44 (−1.5 to 0.59) | −0.61 (−1.7 to 0.50) | −0.61 (−1.9 to 0.64) | −0.36 (−1.4 to 0.68) | −0.65 (−1.8 to 0.48) | −0.58 (−1.9 to 0.76) | −0.44 (−1.6 to 0.67) |
| Normal weight | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
All models were mutually adjusted for parental body mass index categories. Adjusted complete case and all-case models also included the following covariates: child’s sex, maternal age at delivery, parity, marital status during pregnancy, pre-existing hypertension, any smoking during pregnancy, index of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and index of socioeconomic status. More details on these variables can be found in online supplementary table S1.
*Body mass index calculated using weight recorded at first antenatal visit.