Table 2

Study-specific HRs of depressive symptom onset by adulthood SEP

Adulthood SEP	CHARLS, China (CES-D 10 score ≥12)						ELSA, England (CES-D 8 score ≥3)
	Model 1*		Model 2†		Model 3‡		Model 1*		Model 2†		Model 3‡
	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Educational level
Low	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–
Medium	0.77	0.69 to 0.87	0.80	0.71 to 0.90	0.83	0.74 to 0.94	0.83	0.73 to 0.94	0.92	0.81 to 1.05	0.97	0.85 to 1.10
High	0.54	0.46 to 0.64	0.57	0.48 to 0.68	0.61	0.52 to 0.73	0.61	0.52 to 0.72	0.71	0.60 to 0.83	0.77	0.65 to 0.91
Physical wealth
Low	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–
Medium	0.77	0.70 to 0.85	0.79	0.71 to 0.87	0.81	0.73 to 0.90	0.72	0.64 to 0.82	0.80	0.70 to 0.91	0.84	0.74 to 0.96
High	0.54	0.48 to 0.62	0.60	0.53 to 0.68	0.63	0.56 to 0.71	0.59	0.49 to 0.71	0.69	0.57 to 0.83	0.74	0.61 to 0.90
Residence ownership
Yes	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–	1.00	–
No	1.11	0.95 to 1.29	1.10	0.95 to 1.28	1.04	0.89 to 1.22	1.61	1.41 to 1.86	1.31	1.13 to 1.51	1.20	1.03 to 1.40

*Adjusted for age group, gender and geographical region (CHARLS: urban vs rural area, ELSA: government office region).
†Adjusted for model 1 covariates plus marital status, smoking status, alcohol drinking frequency, self-rated health and number of limitations of activities of daily living.
‡Adjusted for model 2 covariates plus all measures of adulthood SEP.
CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CHARLS, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; SEP, socioeconomic position.